从介词到状语 (什么都研究一点系列)

契子

英语中介词的使用频率很高, 但在使用时本质上作为状语而成为句子成分, 没错 “本质上” 这三个字就是状语 😃

形式上是这样: 介词 -> 状语 -> 句子

常见的介词: 时间 at, 地点 on, 原因 of, 方式 in, 伴随 with, 比较 than, 条件 if 等等

下面我们开始研究

大概介绍

1. 状语种类

传统语法分 12 种. 让我们先了解一个大而全的, 有个印象即可.

关于种类的数量, 有人说 8 种, 有人说 11 种, 16 种. 我认为区分过细不好, 使用价值较低, 有个印象即可, 以防有一天和别人沟通时, 你不知道对面说的是什么.

时间状语、地点状语、(rob bank twice)

原因状语、目的状语、(why? for what?)

结果状语、程度状语、(analysis)

比较状语、伴随状语、(trade off)

条件状语、让步状语、(take hostages)

方式状语、方面状语。(Which method should be chosen to escape with whom and to where?)

2. 状语作用

状语按作用分类有：修饰性状语(紧密)，评注性状语(不紧密)，连接性状语

• 简单理解: 修饰 + 连接 (就这 2 个作用 😉)

• 作用对象有:

  1. 动词
  2. 形容词
  3. 其他状语 (递归)
  4. 整个句子

详细介绍

一. 状语作用的逐条细分

1. 修饰动词

上面说到状语的种类, 实际上就是用于表示动词发生的时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、伴随等

2. 修饰形容词或副词

用于表示所修饰的形容词或副词的程度，起到增强、减弱或强调的作用。

3. 修饰整个句子

通常位于句首，用逗号隔开，用于表示说话人对句子内容的看法、态度、评价等

4. 起连接作用

字面意思, 如: In addition, therefore, Similarly

二. 回到介词: 状语由什么词和结构充当

副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，从句, 也可以由名词来充当

可以充当状语的词和结构

1. 副词
   This car engine runs very quietly. 这辆汽车的发动机噪音很小。
   He immediately switched off the light. 他立刻把灯熄灭。
   Undoubtedly, he is the best chess player in this country. 毫无疑问，他是这个国家最好的(国际象棋)棋手。

2. 介词短语
   Fresh water was taken to this area by air. 新鲜的水通过空运到达这里。
   I have been waiting for more than half an hour. 我已经等了不只半小时。

3. 不定式
   I went there to see my old friend. 我到那里去见我的老朋友。
   To be honest, I am still quite confused about this. 说实话，我仍然对这个感到很困惑。

4. 现在分词
   Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. 做出决定后，他们就立即开始工作。
   He hurriedly ran into the house looking for places to hide. 他匆匆跑进屋里寻找藏身之地。

5. 过去分词
   Compared to ours their house is a palace. 他们的房子和我们的相比简直就是皇宫。.
   She came in, followed by her husband. 她走进来，丈夫跟随其后。

6. 形容词
   Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. 因为急于快速作出决定，主席要求投票表决。
   He said nothing but sat silent smoking. 他什么话也没说，只是静静坐在那里抽着烟。

7. 名词
   See you next week. 下周见。
   They consider it better to do it that way. 他们认为那样做更妥当些。

8. 从句(即状语从句)
   She looked at me curiously as I opened the door. 我开门时，她好奇地看着我。
   I’ll come to your place when I am free. 我一有空就会到你那里。

9. 独立主格
   Everything prepared, we started our new journey. 一切准备就绪，我们开始新的旅程。

10. 复合结构
    With the task completed successfully, they went home happily. 成功地完成任务后，他们高兴地回了家。

详细例子

1. 副词副词作方式状语修饰动词

   She did the work carefully.
   They want to see her very much

2. 介词短语充当状语

   介词短语作状语在英语句子中很常见。介词短语几乎可以表达所有形式的状语，包括时间、方式、地点、原因、条件、结果、目的等。此外还可以在句首修饰整条句子，或起到连接作用。

   • 表时间
     Appropriate growth was seen in money supply in 2015. 货币供应量在2015年有适度增长。
     During the winter holidays I stayed at my grandma’s for over a week. 寒假期间我在外祖母家呆了一个多星期。
     The battle lasted throughout the night. 战斗持续了整整一个晚上。
     The two kids are eager to see their gifts on Christmas Eve. 圣诞前夕两个小孩迫切希望见到自己的礼物。

   • 表地点、方位
     There was a garage at the back. 后边有一个车库。
     They all sit in the middle of the room. 他们都坐在房子中间。
     Don’t leave that bread on the table. 别把面包放在桌子上。

   • 表原因
     During the war, many people died of famine. 战争中许多人死于饥荒。
     For this reason, he is not the best man for the project. 由于这个原因，他并不是这个项目最合适的人选。
     Production has come to a halt this month, owing to the lack of workers. 由于缺少工人，这个月生产已陷入停顿。

   • 表方式
     It is more economical to go there by train. 坐火车去那里更经济一些。
     I know that you will all play your part with courage. 我知道你们都会勇敢地各尽其责。

   • 表程度
     Everything is being done to meet in full the needs of the people. 正在采取一切措施充分满足人民的需要。
     The girl has been frightened to death. 那个小女孩被吓死了。
     Our endurance was tested to the utmost. 我们的忍耐已达极限。

   • 表条件
     The police refused to act without more evidence. 如果没有更多的证据，警方拒绝受理。
     But for the sun’s light and heat, life would be impossible on the earth. 要是没有太阳的光和热，地球上就不可能有生命。

   • 表结果、目的
     As a result, out production has increased by 30% this year. 结果，今年我们的产量提升了30%。
     We left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 我们提前1小时动身以免误了火车。

   • 放于句首修饰整条句子
     In my opinion, we must cut our budget in half. 我认为我们应该让预算减半。
     In brief, your paper doesn’t focus on the topic. 简言之，你的论文没有集中反映主题。

   • 起连接作用
     We need money and time. In addition, we need more trained workers. 我们需要钱和时间，此外我们还需要受过训练的工人。
     This is not typically a linear process. In particular, steps 3-5 may be swapped around. 这并不一定是线性过程。尤其是第3至5步可以交换顺序。

3. 从句充当状语

   • 从句作时间状语修饰后句
     When i read books, time goes quickly.
   • 从句作条件状语修饰后句
     If he blows out all the candles in one go, the wish will come true.
   • 从句作结果状语修饰前句
     She is ill, so she can’t go to school today.
   • 从句作让步状语修饰后句
     Although we are poor, we are still happy.
   • 部分省略的从句作比较状语修饰形容词
     Tom is as careful as John (is).

4. 非谓语动词充当状语

   • 不定式作目的状语
     To get to the park, you have to cross Center Street.

   • 现在分词作方式状语
     They entered the classroom, talking and laughing.

   • 过去分词作条件状语
     Given a chance, i can surprise the world.

5. 涵盖多种类型状语

   I often exercise at the park, because i love the clean air and sunshine.

   • often 时间状语（副词作时间状语修饰动词）

   • at the park 地点状语（介词短语作地点状语修饰动词）

   • because i love the clean air and sunshine 原因状语从句（从句作原因状语修饰前句）

三. 回到开头: 状语的种类示例

1. 时间状语

   I will meet you at 3 PM.

   She lived in Paris for two years.

   He goes jogging every morning.

   I will call you when I arrive.

   She finished her homework before dinner.

2. 地点、方位状语

   There was a garage at the back. 后边有一个车库。
   They all sit in the middle of the room. 他们都坐在房子中间。
   Don’t leave that bread on the table. 别把面包放在桌子上。

3. 方面状语

   The bridge is 2500 meters in length and 150 meters in height.

4. 原因状语

   He was surprised at what she said.
   He succeeded by hard work.
   During the war, many people died of famine. 战争中许多人死于饥荒。
   For this reason, he is not the best man for the project. 由于这个原因，他并不是这个项目最合适的人选。
   Production has come to a halt this month, owing to the lack of workers. 由于缺少工人，这个月生产已陷入停顿。

5. 目的状语

   They went out for a walk.
   He stood aside for her to pass.

6. 结果状语

   He talked his wife into buying a car.
   The box is too heavy for me to lift.

7. 条件状语

   a 2-node has one data element, and if internal has two child nodes; (节选自 2–3–4 tree 定义)
   a 3-node has two data elements, and if internal has three child nodes; (if internal 条件状语, 说明这个 3-node 是一个内部节点，只有在满足这个条件时，才能有3个子节点)
   a 4-node has three data elements, and if internal has four child nodes; (if internal 条件状语, 说明这个 4-node 是一个内部节点，只有在满足这个条件时，才能有4个子节点)
   The police refused to act without more evidence. 如果没有更多的证据，警方拒绝受理。
   But for the sun’s light and heat, life would be impossible on the earth. 要是没有太阳的光和热，地球上就不可能有生命。

8. 让步状语

   Although it was raining, we went for a walk.

   She decided to go, though she was tired.

   Even though he studied hard, he didn’t pass the exam.

   Despite the cold weather, they had a picnic.

9. 比较状语

   She is taller than her brother.
   He runs as fast as a cheetah.
   This task is less difficult than I expected.
   This book is more interesting than the last one.

10. 方式状语

    I watched the game on television.
    It is more economical to go there by train. 坐火车去那里更经济一些。
    I know that you will all play your part with courage. 我知道你们都会勇敢地各尽其责。

11. 伴随状语

    I slept with the window open.
    He ran up to her breathing heavily. 他气喘吁吁地跑到她跟前。

12. 程度状语

    Everything is being done to meet in full the needs of the people. 正在采取一切措施充分满足人民的需要。
    The girl has been frightened to death. 那个小女孩被吓死了。
    Our endurance was tested to the utmost. 我们的忍耐已达极限。