Python 爬虫selenium

1.selenium自动化

selenium可以操作浏览器，在浏览器页面上实现：点击、输入、滑动 等操作。

不同于selenium自动化，逆向本质是：

• 分析请求，例如：请求方法、请求参数、加密方式等。
• 用代码模拟请求去实现同等功能。

逆向 vs 自动化Selenium

• Selenium，【优】简单不需要逆向，只需要控制浏览器去执行预设的操作即可；【缺点】性能差，不利于批量实现
• 逆向， 【优】算法逆向出来后，性能好且利于批量实现； 【缺点】语法难搞的js加密算法，不容易逆向

2.必备操作

2.1 模块 & 驱动

• 安装模块

  pip install selenium
  

• 下载驱动

  Selenium想要控制谷歌、火狐、IE、Edage等浏览器，必须要使用对应的驱动才行。【Selenium】->【驱动】->【浏览器】【Selenium】->【火狐驱动】->【火狐浏览器】【Selenium】->【谷歌驱动】->【谷歌浏览器】谷歌驱动的下载：114及之前版本： http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index.html117/118/119版本： https://googlechromelabs.github.io/chrome-for-testing/浏览器版本的获取：在谷歌浏览器上访问 chrome://version/   例如：119.0.6045.200 (正式版本) （64 位） (cohort: Stable) 
  

• 快速使用

  import time
  from selenium import webdriver
  from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Serviceservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
  driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')time.sleep(5)
  driver.close()
  

2.2 寻找标签

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('打开网址')# find_element  find_elements
tag = driver.find_element(By.ID, "user")
tag = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "c1")
tag = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "div")
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "/html/body/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[3]/div[3]/div/div/div/div[1]/span[2]")
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="geetest-wrap"]//input[@name="tel"]')tag_list = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, "/html/body/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div/div/div[2]/a")
for tag in tag_list:print(tag)time.sleep(5)
driver.close()

示例：5xclass.cn

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://www.5xclass.cn/')# 根据ID寻找
tag = driver.find_element(By.ID, "bs-example-navbar-collapse-1")
print(tag.text)
print(10 * "-")# 根据类名寻找
tags = driver.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "panel-heading")
for tag in tags:print(tag.text)
print(10 * "-")# 根据标签名称寻找
tags = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "li")
for tag in tags:print(tag.text)
print(10 * "-")# 根据XPATH寻找
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "/html/body/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[1]")
print(tag.text)
print(10 * "-")# 根据XPATH寻找
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"]/ul[1]/li[1]/a')
print(tag.text)
print(10 * "-")# 根据XPATH寻找多个
tags = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div/div/div[2]/a')
for tag in tags:print(tag.text)
print(10 * "-")# 根据父子关系嵌套寻找
parent = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div/div')
tags = parent.find_elements(By.XPATH, "div[@class='course']/a")
for tag in tags:print(tag.text)time.sleep(5)
driver.close()

2.3 执行操作

常见的执行操作：点击、输入

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')# 1.点击短信登录
time.sleep(3)
sms_btn = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
)
sms_btn.click()  # 点击# 2.输入账号
phone_txt = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/input'
)
phone_txt.send_keys("18630087660")  # 输入time.sleep(55)
driver.close()

2.4 执行JavaScript

如果【选择标签】【执行操作】这种操作起来比较繁琐，也可以直接在页面上去执行js代码实现功能。

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')# #############  1.点击短信登录 #############
time.sleep(3)
sms_btn = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
)
sms_btn.click()# #############  2.输入账号 #############
phone_txt = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/input'
)
phone_txt.send_keys("18630087660")# ############# 3.选择国家 #############
time.sleep(2)
driver.execute_script('document.querySelector(".area-code-select").children[18].click()')# ############# 4.读取cookie #############
data_string = driver.execute_script('return document.cookie;')   # return document.title;
print(data_string)# ############# 5.读取cookie #############
cookie_list = driver.get_cookies()
print(cookie_list)time.sleep(2550)
driver.close()

2.5 等待

如果页面加载比较慢，需要等待某个元素加载成功后，再执行某些操作。

示例1：基于lambda表达式

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWaitservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')# #############  方式1：点击短信登录 #############
time.sleep(3)
sms_btn = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
)
sms_btn.click()# #############  方式2：点击短信登录（推荐） #############
sms_btn = WebDriverWait(driver, 30, 0.5).until(lambda dv: dv.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
))
sms_btn.click()

示例2：自定义函数

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWaitservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')def func(dv):print("无返回值，则间隔0.5s执行一次此函数；如有返回值，则复制给sms_btn变量")# <div xxx="123" id="uuu"></div># <img src="..."/>tag = dv.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]')img_src = tag.get_attribute("xxx")if img_src:return tagreturnsms_btn = WebDriverWait(driver, 30, 0.5).until(func)
sms_btn.click()time.sleep(250)
driver.close()

2.4 执行JavaScript

如果【选择标签】【执行操作】这种操作起来比较繁琐，也可以直接在页面上去执行js代码实现功能。

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')# #############  1.点击短信登录 #############
time.sleep(3)
sms_btn = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
)
sms_btn.click()# #############  2.输入账号 #############
phone_txt = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/input'
)
phone_txt.send_keys("18630087660")# ############# 3.选择国家 #############
time.sleep(2)
driver.execute_script('document.querySelector(".area-code-select").children[18].click()')# ############# 4.读取cookie #############
data_string = driver.execute_script('return document.cookie;')   # return document.title;
print(data_string)# ############# 5.读取cookie #############
cookie_list = driver.get_cookies()
print(cookie_list)time.sleep(2550)
driver.close()

2.5 等待

如果页面加载比较慢，需要等待某个元素加载成功后，再执行某些操作。

示例1：基于lambda表达式

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWaitservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')# #############  方式1：点击短信登录 #############
time.sleep(3)
sms_btn = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
)
sms_btn.click()# #############  方式2：点击短信登录（推荐） #############
sms_btn = WebDriverWait(driver, 30, 0.5).until(lambda dv: dv.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
))
sms_btn.click()

示例2：自定义函数

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWaitservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')def func(dv):print("无返回值，则间隔0.5s执行一次此函数；如有返回值，则复制给sms_btn变量")# <div xxx="123" id="uuu"></div># <img src="..."/>tag = dv.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]')img_src = tag.get_attribute("xxx")if img_src:return tagreturnsms_btn = WebDriverWait(driver, 30, 0.5).until(func)
sms_btn.click()time.sleep(250)
driver.close()

示例3：全局配置

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)# 后续找元素时，没找到时则等待10去寻找（一旦找到则继续）
driver.implicitly_wait(30)driver.get('https://passport.bilibili.com/login')sms_btn = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,# '//*[@id="app"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]''//*[@id="xxxxxxxxxapp"]/div[2]/div[2]/div[3]/div[1]/div[3]'
)
sms_btn.click()
print("找到了")
time.sleep(250)
driver.close()

2.6 获取值

当找到某个标签之后，想要获取标签内部值。

示例1：文本和属性

例如：<a id='x1' class="info mine" href="5xclass.cn">武沛齐</a>

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
service = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)
driver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get('https://www.5xclass.cn')tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'/html/body/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div/div/div[2]/a[1]'
)
print(tag.text)
print(tag.get_attribute("target"))
print(tag.get_attribute("data-toggle"))driver.close()

示例2：获取值

例如：<input type='text' value="?" placeholder="?" />

例如：<select ><option value='1'>北京</option> </option value='2'>上海</option> </select> ，获取select标签的value属性

import timefrom selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)
driver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get('https://www.bilibili.com/')time.sleep(10)tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="nav-searchform"]/div[1]/input'
)
print(tag)
print(tag.text)
print(tag.get_attribute("placeholder"))
print(tag.get_attribute("value"))time.sleep(1000)
driver.close()

示例3：选择相关

<input type="radio" name="findcar" value="1" checked="">新车
<input type="radio" name="findcar" value="2">二手机

import timefrom selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)
driver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get('https://www.autohome.com.cn/beijing/')# ############### 1.单独找到每一个 ###############
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'/html/body/div[1]/div[11]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/label[1]/span/input'
)
print(tag.get_property("checked")) # Truetag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'/html/body/div[1]/div[11]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/label[2]/span/input'
)
print(tag.get_property("checked")) # False# ############### 2.循环找到每一个 ###############
parent = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'/html/body/div[1]/div[11]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]'
)tag_list = parent.find_elements(By.XPATH,'label/span/input'
)
for tag in tag_list:print( tag.get_property("checked"), tag.get_attribute("value") )driver.close()

2.7 源码+bs4

打开页面后，如果基于selenium不太容易定位和寻找，也可以结合bs4来进行寻找。

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from bs4 import BeautifulSoupservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)
driver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get('https://car.yiche.com/')html_string = driver.page_sourcesoup = BeautifulSoup(html_string, features="html.parser")
tag_list = soup.find_all(name="div", attrs={"class": "item-brand"})
for tag in tag_list:child = tag.find(name='div', attrs={"class": "brand-name"})print(child.text)driver.close()

2.8 携带Cookie

driver.add_cookie({'name': 'foo', 'value': 'bar'})

import timefrom selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Serviceservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)# 注意：一定要先访问，不然Cookie无法生效
driver.get('https://dig.chouti.com/about')# 加cookie
driver.add_cookie({'name': 'token','value': 'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJqaWQiOiJjZHVfNDU3OTI2NDUxNTUiLCJleHBpcmUiOiIxNzA0MzI5NDY5OTMyIn0.8n_tWcEHXsBSXWIY9rBoGWwaLPF8iWIruryhKTe5_ks'
})# 再访问
driver.get('https://dig.chouti.com/')time.sleep(2000)
driver.close()

2.9 IP检测和代理

如果网站进行了IP访问限制，例如：每个IP每天只能操作5次。此时可以选择购买IP，然后在请求时添加代理IP即可，具体步骤：

• 购买IP
• 登录购买IP渠道的后台，配置自己IP白名单
• 代码携带代理

import time
import requests
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service# 换成自己生成的代理
res = requests.get(url="https://dps.kdlapi.com/api/getdps/?secret_id=o60wwtxvs5ukaqqz18ai&num=1&signature=i6s9shfjfiogat5ijecbyfwwc5grwrzj&pt=1&format=json&sep=1")
proxy_string = res.json()['data']['proxy_list'][0]
print(f"获取代理：{proxy_string}") # "182.106.136.218:40192"service = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")opt = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
# opt.add_argument(f'--proxy-server=222.89.70.40:40001')  # 代理
opt.add_argument(f'--proxy-server={proxy_string}')  # 代理
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=opt)driver.get('https://myip.ipip.net/')time.sleep(2000)
driver.close()

2.10 特征检测

有些网站为了防止selenium，会检测特征，并禁止访问。

如果想要正常使用selenium访问，那就需要隐藏浏览器相关的特征。

import time
import requests
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Serviceservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")opt = webdriver.ChromeOptions()opt.add_argument('--disable-infobars')
opt.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
opt.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=opt)# Selenium在打开任何页面之前，先运行这个Js文件。
with open('driver/hide.js') as f:driver.execute_cdp_cmd("Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument", {"source": f.read()})driver.get('https://www.5xclass.cn')time.sleep(2000)
driver.close()

2.11 无头和其他

如果不想显示展示在浏览器上的操作，只想偷偷的在后台运行。

opt.add_argument('--headless')

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Serviceservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
opt = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
opt.add_argument('--headless')
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=opt)driver.get('https://www.5xclass.cn')
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'/html/body/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div/div/div[2]/a[1]'
)
print(tag.text)
print(tag.get_attribute("target"))
print(tag.get_attribute("data-toggle"))driver.close()

其他配置：

opt.add_argument('--disable-infobars')                    # 禁止策略化
opt.add_argument('--no-sandbox')                          # 解决DevToolsActivePort文件不存在的报错
opt.add_argument('window-size=1920x3000')                 # 指定浏览器分辨率
opt.add_argument('--disable-gpu')                         # 谷歌文档提到需要加上这个属性来规避bug
opt.add_argument('--incognito')                           # 隐身模式（无痕模式）
opt.add_argument('--disable-javascript')                  # 禁用javascript
opt.add_argument('--start-maximized')                     # 最大化运行（全屏窗口）,不设置，取元素会报错
opt.add_argument('--hide-scrollbars')                     # 隐藏滚动条, 应对一些特殊页面
opt.add_argument('lang=en_US')                            # 设置语言
opt.add_argument('blink-settings=imagesEnabled=false')    # 不加载图片, 提升速度
opt.add_argument('User-Agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Androi....')      # 设置User-Agent
opt.binary_location = r"C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe"  # 手动指定使用的浏览器位置

2.12 截屏

找到某个标签后，可以通过截图的形式保存图片。

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Serviceservice = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)driver.get('https://www.5xclass.cn')
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'/html/body/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div[2]'
)# 截图&保存
tag.screenshot("demo.png")# 截图&图片内容
body = tag.screenshot_as_png
print(body)# 截图&Base64编码格式图片内容
b64_body = tag.screenshot_as_base64
print(b64_body)driver.close()

3.案例：x东搜索

import requests
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service# 换成自己生成的代理
res = requests.get(url="https://dps.kdlapi.com/api/getdps/?secret_id=o60wwtxvs5ukaqqz18ai&num=1&signature=i6s9shfjfiogat5ijecbyfwwc5grwrzj&pt=1&format=json&sep=1")
proxy_string = res.json()['data']['proxy_list'][0]
print(f"获取代理：{proxy_string}")service = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
opt = webdriver.ChromeOptions()opt.add_argument(f'--proxy-server={proxy_string}')  # 代理
opt.add_argument('blink-settings=imagesEnabled=false') # 不加载图片opt.add_argument('--disable-infobars')
opt.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
opt.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=opt)driver.implicitly_wait(10)with open('driver/hide.js') as f:driver.execute_cdp_cmd("Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument", {"source": f.read()})# 1.打开京东
driver.get('https://www.jd.com/')# 2.搜索框+输入
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="key"]'
)
tag.send_keys("iphone手机")# 3.点击搜索
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="search"]/div/div[2]/button'
)
tag.click()# 4.查询列表
tag_list = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="J_goodsList"]/ul/li'
)
for tag in tag_list:# title = tag.find_element(By.XPATH, 'div/div[@class="p-name p-name-type-2"]//em').texttitle = tag.find_element(By.XPATH, 'div/div[@class="p-name p-name-type-2"]/a/em').textprint(title)driver.close()

4.案例：x麦网

import timeimport requests
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service# 换成自己生成的代理
res = requests.get(url="https://dps.kdlapi.com/api/getdps/?secret_id=o60wwtxvs5ukaqqz18ai&num=1&signature=i6s9shfjfiogat5ijecbyfwwc5grwrzj&pt=1&format=json&sep=1")
proxy_string = res.json()['data']['proxy_list'][0]
print(f"获取代理：{proxy_string}")service = Service("driver/chromedriver.exe")
opt = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
opt.add_argument(f'--proxy-server={proxy_string}')  # 代理
opt.add_argument('blink-settings=imagesEnabled=false')
opt.add_argument('--disable-infobars')
opt.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
opt.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=opt)
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
with open('driver/hide.js') as f:driver.execute_cdp_cmd("Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument", {"source": f.read()})# 1.打开大麦网
driver.get('https://www.damai.cn/')# 2.搜索框+输入
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//input[@class="input-search"]'
)
tag.send_keys("周杰伦")# 3.点击搜索
tag = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//div[@class="btn-search"]'
)
tag.click()# 4.查询列表
tag_list = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH,'//div[@class="search__itemlist"]//div[@class="items"]'
)
for tag in tag_list:title = tag.find_element(By.XPATH, 'div[@class="items__txt"]/div[1]/a').textprint(title)time.sleep(2000)
driver.close()

如果不加代理，访问频繁时会提示验证码