使用Python实现矢量路径的压缩、解压与可视化

引言

在图形设计和Web开发中，矢量路径数据的高效存储与传输至关重要。本文将通过一个Python示例，展示如何将复杂的矢量路径命令序列压缩为JSON格式，再将其解压还原，并通过matplotlib进行可视化。这一过程可应用于字体设计、矢量图形编辑或Web应用中的路径数据传输。

---

核心功能概述

1. 路径命令解析

• 输入：包含moveTo、lineTo、qCurveTo（二次贝塞尔曲线）、closePath命令的路径数据。
• 输出：转换为matplotlib.path.Path对象，用于绘制矢量图形。

2. 路径数据压缩

• 将路径命令序列转换为紧凑的JSON格式，便于存储或传输。
• 示例：moveTo((100, 177)) → {"M":[100,177]}。

3. 路径数据解压

• 将JSON格式还原为原始路径命令序列，确保数据完整性。

4. 可视化

• 使用matplotlib渲染路径，验证压缩/解压过程的正确性。

---

代码实现详解

1. 路径命令解析（parse_commands函数）

def parse_commands(data):codes = []vertices = []for cmd, params in data:if cmd == 'moveTo':codes.append(Path.MOVETO)vertices.append(params[0])elif cmd == 'lineTo':codes.append(Path.LINETO)vertices.append(params[0])elif cmd == 'qCurveTo':# 处理二次贝塞尔曲线（每段需要两个控制点和一个终点）for i in range(0, len(params), 2):control = params[i]end = params[i+1] if i+1 < len(params) else params[-1]codes.extend([Path.CURVE3, Path.CURVE3])vertices.extend([control, end])elif cmd == 'closePath':codes.append(Path.CLOSEPOLY)vertices.append(vertices[0])  # 闭合路径回到起点return codes, vertices

关键点：

• 二次贝塞尔曲线：qCurveTo命令需两个控制点和一个终点，通过Path.CURVE3实现。
• 闭合路径：CLOSEPOLY命令自动连接最后一个点到起点。

---

2. 路径数据压缩（compress_path_to_json函数）

def compress_path_to_json(data):command_map = {'moveTo': 'M', 'lineTo': 'L', 'qCurveTo': 'Q', 'closePath': 'Z'}compressed = []for cmd, params in data:cmd_short = command_map[cmd]points = []if cmd == 'closePath':compressed.append({cmd_short: []})else:# 将坐标元组展平为一维列表（如 [(x,y), (a,b)] → [x,y,a,b]）for coord in params:points.extend(list(coord))compressed.append({cmd_short: points})return json.dumps(compressed, separators=(',', ':'))

示例输出：

[{"M":[100,177]},{"L":[107,169]},{"Q":[116,172,127,172]},...]

---

3. 路径数据解压（decompress_json_to_path函数）

def decompress_json_to_path(compressed_json):command_map = {'M': 'moveTo', 'L': 'lineTo', 'Q': 'qCurveTo', 'Z': 'closePath'}data = json.loads(compressed_json)decompressed = []for item in data:cmd_short = next(iter(item))points = item[cmd_short]cmd = command_map[cmd_short]if not points:decompressed.append((cmd, ()))  # 闭合路径无参数else:# 将一维列表转换为坐标元组（如 [x,y,a,b] → [(x,y), (a,b)]）coords = []for i in range(0, len(points), 2):coords.append((points[i], points[i+1]))decompressed.append((cmd, tuple(coords)))return decompressed

---

4. 可视化渲染（show_ttf函数）

def show_ttf(data):codes, vertices = parse_commands(data)path = Path(vertices, codes)fig, ax = plt.subplots()patch = patches.PathPatch(path, facecolor='orange', lw=2)ax.add_patch(patch)ax.set_xlim(0, 250)  # 根据数据范围调整坐标轴ax.set_ylim(-30, 220)plt.gca().set_aspect('equal')plt.show()

---

完整代码与运行结果

示例数据

data = [('moveTo', ((100, 177),)),('lineTo', ((107, 169),)),('qCurveTo', ((116, 172), (127, 172))),# ... 其他路径命令（如闭合路径、复杂曲线）
]

执行流程

# 压缩数据
compressed_json = compress_path_to_json(data)
print("压缩后的JSON:", compressed_json)# 解压数据
decompressed = decompress_json_to_path(compressed_json)
print("解压后的路径数据:", decompressed)# 可视化
show_ttf(decompressed)

---

结果展示

1. 压缩后的JSON片段

[{"M":[100,177]},{"L":[107,169]},{"Q":[116,172,127,172]},{"Z":[]}
]

2. 解压后的路径数据

[('moveTo', ((100, 177),)),('lineTo', ((107, 169),)),('qCurveTo', ((116, 172), (127, 172))),('closePath', ())
]

技术要点总结

1. 路径命令映射：

   • M → moveTo：移动到起点
   • L → lineTo：绘制直线
   • Q → qCurveTo：二次贝塞尔曲线
   • Z → closePath：闭合路径

2. JSON压缩策略：

   • 将坐标元组展平为一维列表，减少冗余。
   • 闭合路径（Z）的参数为空列表。

3. matplotlib路径渲染：

   • 使用Path对象和PathPatch实现复杂曲线的绘制。
   • CURVE3命令需成对使用，适配二次贝塞尔曲线的参数。

---

应用场景

• Web开发：将矢量路径数据嵌入SVG或Canvas元素。
• 字体设计：存储和传输字体轮廓路径。
• 数据可视化：动态生成并传输图表路径数据。

---

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.path import Path
import matplotlib.patches as patches# 解析输入数据def parse_commands(data):codes = []vertices = []for command, params in data:if command == 'moveTo':codes.append(Path.MOVETO)vertices.append(params[0])elif command == 'lineTo':codes.append(Path.LINETO)vertices.append(params[0])elif command == 'qCurveTo':# Check if there are enough points to form a quadratic Bezier curve segmentfor i in range(0, len(params) - 1, 2):  # Ensure we don't go out of boundscontrol_point = params[i]end_point = params[i + 1]codes.extend([Path.CURVE3, Path.CURVE3])  # Two CURVE3 commands for the quad Beziervertices.extend([control_point, end_point])elif command == 'closePath':codes.append(Path.CLOSEPOLY)vertices.append(vertices[0])  # Closing back to the start pointreturn codes, verticesdef show_ttf():codes, vertices = parse_commands(data)path = Path(vertices, codes)fig, ax = plt.subplots()patch = patches.PathPatch(path, facecolor='orange', lw=2)ax.add_patch(patch)ax.set_xlim(0, 250)  # Adjust these limits based on your data's extentax.set_ylim(-30, 220)  # Adjust these limits based on your data's extentplt.gca().set_aspect('equal', adjustable='box')  # Keep aspect ratio equalplt.show()import jsondef compress_path_to_json(data):command_map = {'moveTo': 'M','lineTo': 'L','qCurveTo': 'Q','closePath': 'Z'}compressed = []for cmd, params in data:command_type = command_map[cmd]points = []if cmd == 'closePath':pass  # closePath无需坐标else:# 确保params[0]是坐标点列表（即使只有一个点）for param in params:points += list(param)compressed.append({command_type: points})return json.dumps(compressed, separators=(',', ':'))data = [('moveTo', ((100, 177),)), ('lineTo', ((107, 169),)), ('qCurveTo', ((116, 172), (127, 172))),('lineTo', ((240, 172),)), ('lineTo', ((224, 190),)), ('lineTo', ((212, 177),)), ('lineTo', ((175, 177),)),('qCurveTo', ((183, 186), (176, 200), (154, 210))), ('lineTo', ((152, 207),)),('qCurveTo', ((164, 190), (166, 177))), ('closePath', ()), ('moveTo', ((204, 143),)), ('lineTo', ((211, 148),)),('lineTo', ((198, 162),)), ('lineTo', ((189, 152),)), ('lineTo', ((143, 152),)), ('lineTo', ((128, 160),)),('qCurveTo', ((129, 149), (129, 116), (128, 102))), ('lineTo', ((142, 106),)), ('lineTo', ((142, 114),)),('lineTo', ((191, 114),)), ('lineTo', ((191, 105),)), ('lineTo', ((205, 111),)),('qCurveTo', ((204, 119), (204, 135), (204, 143))), ('closePath', ()), ('moveTo', ((142, 147),)),('lineTo', ((191, 147),)), ('lineTo', ((191, 119),)), ('lineTo', ((142, 119),)), ('closePath', ()),('moveTo', ((119, 87),)), ('lineTo', ((218, 87),)), ('lineTo', ((218, 6),)),('qCurveTo', ((218, -3), (210, -5), (181, -3))), ('lineTo', ((181, -8),)),('qCurveTo', ((212, -13), (212, -26))), ('qCurveTo', ((221, -22), (231, -12), (231, 2))),('lineTo', ((231, 80),)), ('lineTo', ((240, 87),)), ('lineTo', ((224, 102),)), ('lineTo', ((216, 92),)),('lineTo', ((119, 92),)), ('lineTo', ((105, 100),)), ('qCurveTo', ((106, 84), (106, 5), (105, -26))),('lineTo', ((119, -18),)), ('closePath', ()), ('moveTo', ((196, 58),)), ('lineTo', ((203, 63),)),('lineTo', ((188, 76),)), ('lineTo', ((182, 67),)), ('lineTo', ((151, 67),)), ('lineTo', ((137, 76),)),('qCurveTo', ((138, 59), (138, 30), (137, 5))), ('lineTo', ((150, 11),)), ('lineTo', ((150, 21),)),('lineTo', ((184, 21),)), ('lineTo', ((184, 10),)), ('lineTo', ((197, 16),)),('qCurveTo', ((196, 27), (196, 48), (196, 58))), ('closePath', ()), ('moveTo', ((150, 62),)),('lineTo', ((184, 62),)), ('lineTo', ((184, 26),)), ('lineTo', ((150, 26),)), ('closePath', ()),('moveTo', ((36, 63),)), ('qCurveTo', ((66, 100), (94, 148))), ('lineTo', ((103, 152),)),('lineTo', ((83, 163),)), ('qCurveTo', ((74, 138), (66, 125))), ('lineTo', ((30, 123),)),('qCurveTo', ((50, 154), (71, 193))), ('lineTo', ((82, 197),)), ('lineTo', ((59, 209),)),('qCurveTo', ((51, 178), (23, 124), (14, 124))), ('lineTo', ((25, 106),)),('qCurveTo', ((31, 111), (50, 117), (63, 119))), ('qCurveTo', ((44, 87), (24, 63), (18, 62))),('lineTo', ((28, 44),)), ('qCurveTo', ((39, 51), (68, 60), (98, 66))), ('lineTo', ((97, 70),)),('qCurveTo', ((67, 66), (36, 63))), ('closePath', ()), ('moveTo', ((11, 14),)), ('lineTo', ((21, -4),)),('qCurveTo', ((30, 4), (65, 20), (95, 30))), ('lineTo', ((94, 34),)),('qCurveTo', ((72, 28), (25, 16), (11, 14))), ('closePath', ())]def decompress_json_to_path(compressed_json):command_map = {'M': 'moveTo','L': 'lineTo','Q': 'qCurveTo','Z': 'closePath'}data = json.loads(compressed_json)decompressed = []for item in data:cmd_char = next(iter(item))  # 获取命令字符points = item[cmd_char]original_cmd = command_map[cmd_char]if not points:# closePath，参数为空decompressed.append((original_cmd, ()))else:# 将points列表转换为坐标点元组的元组tuples = []for i in range(0, len(points), 2):x = points[i]y = points[i + 1]tuples.append((x, y))params = tuple(tuples)decompressed.append((original_cmd, params))return decompressedcompressed_json = compress_path_to_json(data)# 解压
decompressed = decompress_json_to_path(compressed_json)