用python实现中国象棋

一.象棋规则

象棋是二人对弈的棋类游戏，棋盘由 9 条竖线和 10 条横线交叉构成，中间 “河界” 分楚汉，两端 “九宫” 各 9 个交叉点。棋子分红黑，各 16 枚，含 7 兵种。

1.棋子走法

1.1 红方棋子

• 帅：1 个，是红方的核心棋子，只能在九宫之内活动，可上可下，可左可右，每次走动只能按竖线或横线走动一格。
• 仕：2 个，是帅的贴身保镖，只能在九宫内走动，行棋路径只能是九宫内的斜线。
• 相：2 个，每次循对角线走两格，俗称 “相飞田”。
• 车：2 个，无论横线、竖线均可行走，只要无子阻拦，步数不受限制。
• 马：2 个，走 “日” 字，每步走一直一斜，具有很高的灵活性和攻击性。
• 炮：2 个，行动迅速而易于成势，需要借助其他棋子的力量进行攻击，有击必应。
• 兵：5 个，只能向前走，第一步只能走一格，以后每步可以走一格或两格，但未过河前不能左右移动，过河后可以左右移动。

1.2 黑方棋子

• 将：1 个，作用与红方的帅相同，是黑方的核心棋子，只能在九宫格内活动，每次只能横竖移动一格。
• 士：2 个，作用与红方的仕相同，负责在九宫格内保护将，走的是斜线，每次只能斜着走一格。
• 象：2 个，走法与红方的相相同，每次循对角线走两格，俗称 “象飞田”。
• 车：2 个，走法与红方的车相同，无论横线、竖线均可行走，只要无子阻拦，步数不受限制。
• 马：2 个，走法与红方的马相同，走 “日” 字，每步走一直一斜。
• 炮：2 个，走法与红方的炮相同，行动迅速而易于成势，需要借助其他棋子的力量进行攻击，有击必应。
• 卒：5 个，走法与红方的兵相同，只能向前走，第一步只能走一格，以后每步可以走一格或两格，但未过河前不能左右移动，过河后可以左右移动。

2.吃子与胜负

1. 吃子：走到对方棋子位置，将其从棋盘移除。
2. 胜负：将死对方 “将（帅）” 或对方认输则胜；双方均无能力将死对方，判和棋。

二.详细分析

每个棋子按照上述规则在棋盘上移动、吃子，双方通过合理运用棋子的走法，以将死对方的将（帅）为目标，最终决出胜负。

若一个棋子,他只能在这米字格里横竖方向的移动,便是象棋当中将(帅)的走法;

只能在米字格中沿斜线行走的话,就是士;

而可以横竖方向,无论距离的走,便是车;

若与车的行走完全一致,但必须跳过一颗棋子进行吃子的是炮(砲);

当两块格子组成"日"字,只能走其对角线,这就是马;

若需走四个格子对角线的话,这样跳过"田"字的是象,注意只能在己方阵营行动;

一颗只能向前移动在己方阵营,过届之后才能能左右行走且无法向后回头的是兵(卒)

抽象为计算机模型:

用二维列表表示棋盘，每个元素代表棋盘上的一个位置。

定义棋子类，每个棋子对象有其颜色、类型等属性，以及移动合法性判断方法。

实现棋盘初始化、棋子移动、吃子、判断胜负等功能。

三.用python 实现象棋

1.初始构建棋盘

用二维列表表示棋盘，每个元素代表棋盘上的一个位置。

def create_chessboard():# 创建一个10x9的二维列表，初始值为None，代表空位置chessboard = [[None] * 9 for _ in range(10)]return chessboard

2.定义各类棋子和属性(同类区分双方部分名称)

定义棋子类，每个棋子对象有其颜色、类型等属性，以及移动合法性判断方法。

class Piece:def __init__(self, color, kind):# 棋子颜色，如'红'或'黑'self.color = color# 棋子类型，如'将'、'车'等self.kind = kinddef is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):# 该方法需在子类中具体实现，用于判断棋子从start到end的移动是否合法passclass King(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 判断将（帅）是否在九宫格内if self.color == '红':if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 7 <= y1 <= 9):return Falseelse:if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 0 <= y1 <= 2):return False# 判断是否沿横竖方向移动一格return abs(x1 - x2) + abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Advisor(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 判断士是否在九宫格内if self.color == '红':if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 7 <= y1 <= 9):return Falseelse:if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 0 <= y1 <= 2):return False# 判断是否沿斜线移动一格return abs(x1 - x2) == 1 and abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Elephant(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 判断象是否过河if (self.color == '红' and y2 < 5) or (self.color == '黑' and y2 > 4):return False# 判断是否走“田”字对角且“田”字中心无棋子（不塞象眼）if abs(x1 - x2) == 2 and abs(y1 - y2) == 2:mid_x = (x1 + x2) // 2mid_y = (y1 + y2) // 2return board[mid_y][mid_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Horse(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = enddx = abs(x1 - x2)dy = abs(y1 - y2)# 判断是否走“日”字对角且不蹩马腿if (dx == 2 and dy == 1) or (dx == 1 and dy == 2):block_x = x1 if dx == 2 else (x1 + x2) // 2block_y = y1 if dy == 2 else (y1 + y2) // 2return board[block_y][block_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Chariot(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 判断是否在横竖方向移动且路径无阻挡if x1 == x2:for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)):if board[y][x1] is not None:return Falseelif y1 == y2:for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)):if board[y1][x] is not None:return Falseelse:return Falsereturn Trueclass Cannon(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 判断移动路径是否为空或有且仅有一个炮台if x1 == x2:count = 0for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)):if board[y][x1] is not None:count += 1if (end[1] == start[1] and count == 0) or (end[1]!= start[1] and count == 1):return Trueelif y1 == y2:count = 0for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)):if board[y1][x] is not None:count += 1if (end[0] == start[0] and count == 0) or (end[0]!= start[0] and count == 1):return Truereturn Falseclass Soldier(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 判断兵（卒）是否符合移动规则if self.color == '红':if y1 < 5:if y2!= y1 + 1 or x2!= x1:return Falseelse:if y2!= y1 + 1 and x2 not in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1]:return Falseelse:if y1 > 4:if y2!= y1 - 1 or x2!= x1:return Falseelse:if y2!= y1 - 1 and x2 not in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1]:return Falsereturn True

3.构建获胜条件,判断胜负功能等

实现棋盘初始化、棋子移动、吃子、判断胜负等功能。

class ChessGame:def __init__(self):self.board = create_chessboard()self.init_pieces()def init_pieces(self):# 红方棋子初始化self.board[9][0] = Chariot('红', '车')self.board[9][1] = Horse('红', '马')self.board[9][2] = Elephant('红', '象')self.board[9][3] = Advisor('红', '士')self.board[9][4] = King('红', '将')self.board[9][5] = Advisor('红', '士')self.board[9][6] = Elephant('红', '象')self.board[9][7] = Horse('红', '马')self.board[9][8] = Chariot('红', '车')self.board[7][1] = Cannon('红', '炮')self.board[7][7] = Cannon('红', '炮')for i in range(0, 9, 2):self.board[6][i] = Soldier('红', '兵')# 黑方棋子初始化self.board[0][0] = Chariot('黑', '车')self.board[0][1] = Horse('黑', '马')self.board[0][2] = Elephant('黑', '象')self.board[0][3] = Advisor('黑', '士')self.board[0][4] = King('黑', '帅')self.board[0][5] = Advisor('黑', '士')self.board[0][6] = Elephant('黑', '象')self.board[0][7] = Horse('黑', '马')self.board[0][8] = Chariot('黑', '车')self.board[2][1] = Cannon('黑', '炮')self.board[2][7] = Cannon('黑', '炮')for i in range(0, 9, 2):self.board[3][i] = Soldier('黑', '卒')def move_piece(self, start, end):# 检查起始和目标位置是否在棋盘内if 0 <= start[0] < 10 and 0 <= start[1] < 9 and 0 <= end[0] < 10 and 0 <= end[1] < 9:piece = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]if piece is not None:if piece.is_move_valid(start, end, self.board):if self.board[end[0]][end[1]] is not None and self.board[end[0]][end[1]].color!= piece.color:# 吃子self.board[end[0]][end[1]] = Noneself.board[end[0]][end[1]] = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]self.board[start[0]][start[1]] = Nonereturn Truereturn Falsedef is_checkmate(self, color):king_pos = None# 找到将（帅）的位置for i in range(10):for j in range(9):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color == color and self.board[i][j].kind in ['将', '帅']:king_pos = (i, j)if king_pos is None:return False# 检查是否有对方棋子能吃掉将（帅）for i in range(10):for j in range(9):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color!= color:if self.board[i][j].is_move_valid((i, j), king_pos, self.board):return Truereturn False

4.测试运行

# 测试代码
game = ChessGame()
# 尝试移动红方车
game.move_piece((9, 0), (7, 0))
print(game.is_checkmate('黑'))

5.整体代码及测试

5.1 整体代码

def create_chessboard():"""创建一个10x9的二维列表，初始值为None，代表空位置。:return: 表示棋盘的二维列表"""return [[None] * 9 for _ in range(10)]class Piece:"""定义棋子的基类，包含颜色和类型属性，以及一个抽象方法用于判断移动是否合法。Attributes:color (str): 棋子颜色，如'红'或'黑'。kind (str): 棋子类型，如'将'、'车'等。"""def __init__(self, color, kind):self.color = colorself.kind = kinddef is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""判断棋子从start到end的移动是否合法。此方法为抽象方法，需在子类中具体实现。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""passclass King(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""帅（将）的移动规则：只能在九宫格内活动，每次沿横竖方向移动一格。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif self.color == '红':if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 7 <= y1 <= 9):return Falseelse:if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 0 <= y1 <= 2):return Falsereturn abs(x1 - x2) + abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Advisor(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""仕（士）的移动规则：只能在九宫内走动，行棋路径只能是九宫内的斜线。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif self.color == '红':if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 7 <= y1 <= 9):return Falseelse:if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 0 <= y1 <= 2):return Falsereturn abs(x1 - x2) == 1 and abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Elephant(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""相（象）的移动规则：循对角线走两格，俗称“相飞田”，不能过河。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif (self.color == '红' and y2 < 5) or (self.color == '黑' and y2 > 4):return Falseif abs(x1 - x2) == 2 and abs(y1 - y2) == 2:mid_x = (x1 + x2) // 2mid_y = (y1 + y2) // 2return board[mid_y][mid_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Horse(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""马的移动规则：走“日”字，每步走一直一斜，注意“蹩马腿”。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = enddx = abs(x1 - x2)dy = abs(y1 - y2)if (dx == 2 and dy == 1) or (dx == 1 and dy == 2):block_x = x1 if dx == 2 else (x1 + x2) // 2block_y = y1 if dy == 2 else (y1 + y2) // 2return board[block_y][block_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Chariot(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""车的移动规则：无论横线、竖线均可行走，只要无子阻拦，步数不受限制。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif x1 == x2:for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)):if board[y][x1] is not None:return Falseelif y1 == y2:for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)):if board[y1][x] is not None:return Falseelse:return Falsereturn Trueclass Cannon(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""炮的移动规则：移动方式与车相同，吃子时需借助一个棋子作为炮台。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif x1 == x2:count = 0for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)):if board[y][x1] is not None:count += 1if (end[1] == start[1] and count == 0) or (end[1]!= start[1] and count == 1):return Trueelif y1 == y2:count = 0for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)):if board[y1][x] is not None:count += 1if (end[0] == start[0] and count == 0) or (end[0]!= start[0] and count == 1):return Truereturn Falseclass Soldier(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""兵（卒）的移动规则：未过河时只能向前移动一格，过河后可向前或横向移动一格。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param board: 棋盘，二维列表。:return: bool，移动是否合法。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif self.color == '红':if y1 < 5:if y2!= y1 + 1 or x2!= x1:return Falseelse:if y2 not in [y1 - 1, y1 + 1] or (y2 == y1 and x2 not in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1]):return Falseelse:if y1 > 4:if y2!= y1 - 1 or x2!= x1:return Falseelse:if y2 not in [y1 - 1, y1 + 1] or (y2 == y1 and x2 not in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1]):return Falsereturn Trueclass ChessGame:def __init__(self):"""初始化棋盘和棋子。"""self.board = create_chessboard()self.init_pieces()def init_pieces(self):"""初始化棋盘上的棋子。"""# 红方棋子初始化self.board[9][0] = Chariot('红', '车')self.board[9][1] = Horse('红', '马')self.board[9][2] = Elephant('红', '象')self.board[9][3] = Advisor('红', '士')self.board[9][4] = King('红', '将')self.board[9][5] = Advisor('红', '士')self.board[9][6] = Elephant('红', '象')self.board[9][7] = Horse('红', '马')self.board[9][8] = Chariot('红', '车')self.board[7][1] = Cannon('红', '炮')self.board[7][7] = Cannon('红', '炮')for i in range(0, 9, 2):self.board[6][i] = Soldier('红', '兵')# 黑方棋子初始化self.board[0][0] = Chariot('黑', '车')self.board[0][1] = Horse('黑', '马')self.board[0][2] = Elephant('黑', '象')self.board[0][3] = Advisor('黑', '士')self.board[0][4] = King('黑', '帅')self.board[0][5] = Advisor('黑', '士')self.board[0][6] = Elephant('黑', '象')self.board[0][7] = Horse('黑', '马')self.board[0][8] = Chariot('黑', '车')self.board[2][1] = Cannon('黑', '炮')self.board[2][7] = Cannon('黑', '炮')for i in range(0, 9, 2):self.board[3][i] = Soldier('黑', '卒')def move_piece(self, start, end):"""移动棋子从start位置到end位置。:param start: 起始位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:param end: 目标位置，格式为(x, y)的元组。:return: bool，移动是否成功。"""# 检查起始和目标位置是否在棋盘内if 0 <= start[0] < 10 and 0 <= start[1] < 9 and 0 <= end[0] < 10 and 0 <= end[1] < 9:piece = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]if piece is not None:if piece.is_move_valid(start, end, self.board):if self.board[end[0]][end[1]] is not None and self.board[end[0]][end[1]].color!= piece.color:# 吃子self.board[end[0]][end[1]] = Noneself.board[end[0]][end[1]] = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]self.board[start[0]][start[1]] = Nonereturn Truereturn Falsedef is_checkmate(self, color):"""判断指定颜色的棋子是否被将死。:param color: 棋子颜色，如'红'或'黑'。:return: bool，是否被将死。"""king_pos = None# 找到将（帅）的位置for i in range(10):for j in range(9):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color == color and self.board[i][j].kind in ['将', '帅']:king_pos = (i, j)if king_pos is None:return False# 检查是否有对方棋子能吃掉将（帅）for i in range(10):for j in range(9):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color!= color:if self.board[i][j].is_move_valid((i, j), king_pos, self.board):return Truereturn False

def create_chessboard():"""创建10x9的二维列表表示棋盘，初始值为None代表空位置。"""return [[None] * 9 for _ in range(10)]class Piece:"""棋子基类，包含颜色和类型属性，及移动合法性判断抽象方法。"""def __init__(self, color, kind):self.color = colorself.kind = kinddef is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""判断棋子从start到end移动是否合法，需子类实现。"""passclass King(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""帅（将）：只能在九宫格内沿横竖方向移动一格。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif self.color == '红':if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 7 <= y1 <= 9):return Falseelse:if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 0 <= y1 <= 2):return Falsereturn abs(x1 - x2) + abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Advisor(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""仕（士）：只能在九宫内沿斜线移动一格。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif self.color == '红':if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 7 <= y1 <= 9):return Falseelse:if not (3 <= x1 <= 5 and 0 <= y1 <= 2):return Falsereturn abs(x1 - x2) == 1 and abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Elephant(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""相（象）：循对角线走两格（相飞田），不能过河，塞象眼则不能走。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif (self.color == '红' and y2 < 5) or (self.color == '黑' and y2 > 4):return Falseif abs(x1 - x2) == 2 and abs(y1 - y2) == 2:mid_x = (x1 + x2) // 2mid_y = (y1 + y2) // 2return board[mid_y][mid_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Horse(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""马：走“日”字，蹩马腿则不能走。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = enddx = abs(x1 - x2)dy = abs(y1 - y2)if (dx == 2 and dy == 1) or (dx == 1 and dy == 2):block_x = x1 if dx == 2 else (x1 + x2) // 2block_y = y1 if dy == 2 else (y1 + y2) // 2return board[block_y][block_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Chariot(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""车：可在横竖方向不限格数移动，路径无阻挡。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif x1 == x2:for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)):if board[y][x1] is not None:return Falseelif y1 == y2:for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)):if board[y1][x] is not None:return Falseelse:return Falsereturn Trueclass Cannon(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""炮：移动同车，吃子时需借助炮台。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif x1 == x2:count = 0for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)):if board[y][x1] is not None:count += 1if (end[1] == start[1] and count == 0) or (end[1]!= start[1] and count == 1):return Trueelif y1 == y2:count = 0for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)):if board[y1][x] is not None:count += 1if (end[0] == start[0] and count == 0) or (end[0]!= start[0] and count == 1):return Truereturn Falseclass Soldier(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""兵（卒）：未过河前直走一格，过河后可直走或横走一格。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif self.color == '红':if y1 < 5:if y2!= y1 + 1 or x2!= x1:return Falseelse:if y2 not in [y1 - 1, y1 + 1] or (y2 == y1 and x2 not in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1]):return Falseelse:if y1 > 4:if y2!= y1 - 1 or x2!= x1:return Falseelse:if y2 not in [y1 - 1, y1 + 1] or (y2 == y1 and x2 not in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1]):return Falsereturn Trueclass ChessGame:def __init__(self):"""初始化棋盘和棋子。"""self.board = create_chessboard()self.init_pieces()def init_pieces(self):"""初始化棋盘上红黑双方棋子。"""# 红方棋子初始化self.board[9][0] = Chariot('红', '车')self.board[9][1] = Horse('红', '马')self.board[9][2] = Elephant('红', '象')self.board[9][3] = Advisor('红', '士')self.board[9][4] = King('红', '将')self.board[9][5] = Advisor('红', '士')self.board[9][6] = Elephant('红', '象')self.board[9][7] = Horse('红', '马')self.board[9][8] = Chariot('红', '车')self.board[7][1] = Cannon('红', '炮')self.board[7][7] = Cannon('红', '炮')for i in range(0, 9, 2):self.board[6][i] = Soldier('红', '兵')# 黑方棋子初始化self.board[0][0] = Chariot('黑', '车')self.board[0][1] = Horse('黑', '马')self.board[0][2] = Elephant('黑', '象')self.board[0][3] = Advisor('黑', '士')self.board[0][4] = King('黑', '帅')self.board[0][5] = Advisor('黑', '士')self.board[0][6] = Elephant('黑', '象')self.board[0][7] = Horse('黑', '马')self.board[0][8] = Chariot('黑', '车')self.board[2][1] = Cannon('黑', '炮')self.board[2][7] = Cannon('黑', '炮')for i in range(0, 9, 2):self.board[3][i] = Soldier('黑', '卒')def move_piece(self, start, end):"""移动棋子，检查合法性并执行，吃子时移除对方棋子。"""if 0 <= start[0] < 10 and 0 <= start[1] < 9 and 0 <= end[0] < 10 and 0 <= end[1] < 9:piece = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]if piece is not None:if piece.is_move_valid(start, end, self.board):if self.board[end[0]][end[1]] is not None and self.board[end[0]][end[1]].color!= piece.color:self.board[end[0]][end[1]] = Noneself.board[end[0]][end[1]] = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]self.board[start[0]][start[1]] = Nonereturn Truereturn Falsedef is_checkmate(self, color):"""判断指定颜色的将（帅）是否被将死。"""king_pos = Nonefor i in range(10):for j in range(9):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color == color and self.board[i][j].kind in ['将', '帅']:king_pos = (i, j)if king_pos is None:return Falsefor i in range(10):for j in range(9):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color!= color:if self.board[i][j].is_move_valid((i, j), king_pos, self.board):return Truereturn False

1. 类和函数备注：简化了 docstring，突出关键信息，去除重复和冗长描述。例如，类的 docstring 只保留核心功能说明，函数 docstring 强调功能要点。
2. 规则描述：在棋子移动合法性判断函数的备注中，简洁地概括了棋子移动规则，避免复杂表述。

优化代码

'''
代码结构优化：将棋子的初始化部分提取到一个独立的函数中，使__init__方法更简洁。同时，将棋盘的大小定义为常量，方便修改和维护。
代码逻辑优化：在is_move_valid方法中，对一些条件判断进行了合并和简化，提高代码的可读性。对于Cannon类的移动判断，逻辑更加清晰。
代码风格优化：遵循 Python 的命名规范，使用更具描述性的变量名，并适当添加注释以提高代码的可理解性。
'''# 定义棋盘的行数和列数
BOARD_ROWS = 10
BOARD_COLS = 9def create_chessboard():"""创建10x9的二维列表表示棋盘，初始值为None代表空位置。"""return [[None] * BOARD_COLS for _ in range(BOARD_ROWS)]class Piece:"""棋子基类，包含颜色和类型属性，及移动合法性判断抽象方法。"""def __init__(self, color, kind):self.color = colorself.kind = kinddef is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""判断棋子从start到end移动是否合法，需子类实现。"""passclass King(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""帅（将）：只能在九宫格内沿横竖方向移动一格。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 九宫格范围判断if (self.color == '红' and (x1 < 3 or x1 > 5 or y1 < 7 or y1 > 9)) or \(self.color == '黑' and (x1 < 3 or x1 > 5 or y1 < 0 or y1 > 2)):return Falsereturn abs(x1 - x2) + abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Advisor(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""仕（士）：只能在九宫内沿斜线移动一格。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 九宫格范围判断if (self.color == '红' and (x1 < 3 or x1 > 5 or y1 < 7 or y1 > 9)) or \(self.color == '黑' and (x1 < 3 or x1 > 5 or y1 < 0 or y1 > 2)):return Falsereturn abs(x1 - x2) == 1 and abs(y1 - y2) == 1class Elephant(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""相（象）：循对角线走两格（相飞田），不能过河，塞象眼则不能走。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = end# 不能过河判断if (self.color == '红' and y2 < 5) or (self.color == '黑' and y2 > 4):return Falseif abs(x1 - x2) == 2 and abs(y1 - y2) == 2:mid_x = (x1 + x2) // 2mid_y = (y1 + y2) // 2return board[mid_y][mid_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Horse(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""马：走“日”字，蹩马腿则不能走。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = enddx = abs(x1 - x2)dy = abs(y1 - y2)if (dx == 2 and dy == 1) or (dx == 1 and dy == 2):block_x = x1 if dx == 2 else (x1 + x2) // 2block_y = y1 if dy == 2 else (y1 + y2) // 2return board[block_y][block_x] is Nonereturn Falseclass Chariot(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""车：可在横竖方向不限格数移动，路径无阻挡。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif x1 == x2:for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)):if board[y][x1] is not None:return Falseelif y1 == y2:for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)):if board[y1][x] is not None:return Falseelse:return Falsereturn Trueclass Cannon(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""炮：移动同车，吃子时需借助炮台。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif x1 == x2:pieces_between = sum(board[y][x1] is not None for y in range(min(y1, y2) + 1, max(y1, y2)))if (x2 == x1 and pieces_between == 0) or (x2!= x1 and pieces_between == 1):return Trueelif y1 == y2:pieces_between = sum(board[y1][x] is not None for x in range(min(x1, x2) + 1, max(x1, x2)))if (y2 == y1 and pieces_between == 0) or (y2!= y1 and pieces_between == 1):return Truereturn Falseclass Soldier(Piece):def is_move_valid(self, start, end, board):"""兵（卒）：未过河前直走一格，过河后可直走或横走一格。"""x1, y1 = startx2, y2 = endif self.color == '红':if y1 < 5:return y2 == y1 + 1 and x2 == x1else:return (y2 == y1 + 1 or y2 == y1) and x2 in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1, x1]else:if y1 > 4:return y2 == y1 - 1 and x2 == x1else:return (y2 == y1 - 1 or y2 == y1) and x2 in [x1 - 1, x1 + 1, x1]class ChessGame:def __init__(self):"""初始化棋盘和棋子。"""self.board = create_chessboard()self.init_pieces()def init_pieces(self):"""初始化棋盘上红黑双方棋子。"""red_pieces = [(Chariot, '车', 9, 0), (Horse, '马', 9, 1), (Elephant, '象', 9, 2), (Advisor, '士', 9, 3), (King, '将', 9, 4),(Advisor, '士', 9, 5), (Elephant, '象', 9, 6), (Horse, '马', 9, 7), (Chariot, '车', 9, 8),(Cannon, '炮', 7, 1), (Cannon, '炮', 7, 7)]for piece_class, kind, row, col in red_pieces:self.board[row][col] = piece_class('红', kind)for i in range(0, BOARD_COLS, 2):self.board[6][i] = Soldier('红', '兵')black_pieces = [(Chariot, '车', 0, 0), (Horse, '马', 0, 1), (Elephant, '象', 0, 2), (Advisor, '士', 0, 3), (King, '帅', 0, 4),(Advisor, '士', 0, 5), (Elephant, '象', 0, 6), (Horse, '马', 0, 7), (Chariot, '车', 0, 8),(Cannon, '炮', 2, 1), (Cannon, '炮', 2, 7)]for piece_class, kind, row, col in black_pieces:self.board[row][col] = piece_class('黑', kind)for i in range(0, BOARD_COLS, 2):self.board[3][i] = Soldier('黑', '卒')def move_piece(self, start, end):"""移动棋子，检查合法性并执行，吃子时移除对方棋子。"""if 0 <= start[0] < BOARD_ROWS and 0 <= start[1] < BOARD_COLS and \0 <= end[0] < BOARD_ROWS and 0 <= end[1] < BOARD_COLS:piece = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]if piece is not None:if piece.is_move_valid(start, end, self.board):if self.board[end[0]][end[1]] is not None and self.board[end[0]][end[1]].color!= piece.color:self.board[end[0]][end[1]] = Noneself.board[end[0]][end[1]] = self.board[start[0]][start[1]]self.board[start[0]][start[1]] = Nonereturn Truereturn Falsedef is_checkmate(self, color):"""判断指定颜色的将（帅）是否被将死。"""king_pos = Nonefor i in range(BOARD_ROWS):for j in range(BOARD_COLS):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color == color and \self.board[i][j].kind in ['将', '帅']:king_pos = (i, j)if king_pos is None:return Falsefor i in range(BOARD_ROWS):for j in range(BOARD_COLS):if self.board[i][j] is not None and self.board[i][j].color!= color:if self.board[i][j].is_move_valid((i, j), king_pos, self.board):return Truereturn False

5.2 测试运行

game = ChessGame()
#尝试移动红方车
game.move_piece((9, 0), (7, 0)) print(game.is_checkmate('黑'))

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