英语基础-定语从句的特殊用法及写作应用

1. 定语从句的引导词省略的情况

1. that 引导定语从句，从句中缺宾语/表语，that可省略；

This is the book that he likes.

I like the shirt that you gave me.

We do not agree on the plan that you make.

China is not the country that it was.

2. when 引导定语从句，先行词是时间，when可以省略，或换成that；

I remember the day when we met.

He never forgets the year when he won the game.

3. where 引导定语从句，先行词是place，where可以省略，或换成that；

I miss the place when we had a party.

Do you know anywhere when we can have lunch?

4. why 引导定语从句，先行词是reason，why可以省略，或换成that/ for which；

I do not know the reason why he cried.

This is the reason why I was late.

2. 限制性定语从句-非限制性定语从句

I like Xiaoku who is handsome.

我喜欢帅气的大酷（不帅的我不要）

I like Xiaoku , who is handsome.

我喜欢帅气的大酷（帅不帅气不重要）

Ming ,who is 25 years old, always helps senior citizens.

小明经常帮助老人，他今年25岁

Ming is a person who always helps senior citizens.

小明是一个经常帮助老人的人

1. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

2. 非限制性定语从句的引导词不能用that；

I have a dress,  which  is very beautiful.

我有一件裙子，这件裙子很好看。

I have a friend,  who is very beautiful.

我有一个朋友，她很漂亮。

I have a friend,  whom many classmates like very much.

我的一个朋友，同学们都很喜欢他。

Mary , whose eyes are big, is my best friend.

迈瑞是我最好的朋友，他的眼睛很大。

3. 非限制性定语从句，which/as 可以修饰整个句子；

众所周知，学生应该努力学习。

As is universally acknowledge, student should study hard.

读书就是明理，这是对的。

Reading book is to understand the truth, as / which is right.

在修饰非限定性句子时，as可以放前面也可以放后面，which只能放后面。

非限制性定语从句的翻译方法

She is my best friend, who is qualified for this job.

他是我最好的朋友，他有资格胜任这一份工作。

I like this gift , which my father bought for me.

我喜欢这份礼物，这份礼物是我爸爸买给我的。

Edison，whose inventions are superior , is a great scientist.

爱迪生是一个伟大的科学家，他的发明特别的优秀。

3. that和which的区别

1. 关于which的使用

(1). 引导非限制性定语从句用which.

The gift, which my mother bought for me, is a new computer.

这个礼物是一个新电脑，这个礼物是我的妈妈买给我的。

(2). 放在介词后面作宾语用which.

I go to the store in which many people buy eggs.

我去商店，那个许多人买鸡蛋的商店。

2. 关于that的使用

(1). 当先行词被 any, few, little, no, all, much, some 等词修饰时

You can eat any food that you like.

(2). 当先行词被the only, the same, the very等限定词修饰时

Ming is the only person that I can trust.

(3). 当先行词是不定代词 much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时

I can do everything that is good for you.

(4). 当主语是 here , there 开头时

There is a book that contains this sentence.

(5). 当先行词有人也有物时

They are talking about those people and things that are interesting.

(6). 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时

This is the first book that I have read.

She is the most beautiful person that I know.

总结：当先行词与从句之前有逗号的时候用which，没有逗号的时候用that.

4. the same 的固定搭配

the same… as 和 the same …. that

Mary is the same girl as I like.

迈瑞很像我喜欢的女孩。

Mary is the same girl that I like.

迈瑞就是我喜欢的那个女孩。

5. in which 之类的“介词+关系代词”

This is the airport at which we arrived last week.

1. 为什么会有“介词 + 关系代词”引导定语从句的形式？

为了使得句式结构优美整洁，用来替换引导词。

2. “介词 + 关系代词”的替换

3. 填入对应的引导词或“介词+关系代词”

This is the country  where / in which I have lived for 5 years.

I do not know the reason  why / for which he failed the game.

They enjoy the day  when / on which  they won the competition.

Mary is the girl  who / whom  my teacher talked with.

Mary is the girl  with whom  my teacher talked.

He is a friend  who / whom I can play with.

He is a friend  with whom I can play.

6. 定语及定语从句的应用

1. 用短语拉长并丰富句子

学生们应该看书。

Students should read books such as / including / like "A Cat","A Dog" and "An Old Man".

我们要多做运动。

We should do sports beneficial al well as good.

2. 用从句拉长并丰富句子

我们应该保护环境。

We should protect our environment that we depent on.

我们要孝敬父母。

We should show filial piety to our parents, who raise us.

7. 课后作业

1. 翻译下列短语

一个和蔼的老人。

An old man who is kind.

一个像医生的人。

A citizen who is like a doctor.

一抹和阳光一样温暖的微笑。

A smile that is as warm as sunshine.

一只在房间里睡觉的猫猫。

A cat who is sleeping in the room.

一个被老师表扬的学生。

A student praised by the teacher.

一个人们睡觉的房间。

A room where people sleep.

2. 翻译下列句子

作为成年人，我们不能一直依赖着关心我们的父母。

As adulds, we should not rely on parents who care about us.

他想赢得这个刺激又有趣的比赛。

He wants to win competition exciting as well as  interesting.

每个人都要保护我们所生活的环境，这是很重要的。

Every ought to protect the environment where we live, which / as is very important.

实际上，我们应该尊重那些花时间完成任务的人。

As a matter of fact, we are supposed to respect those people who spend time accomplishing their tasks.

战争将会毁灭这个很多人生活的城镇。

The war will ruin this town where a lot of people live.

3. 分析下列句子

The little girl is reading a book in which there are many cartoons.

这个女孩正在读那本有很多卡通图片的图书。

I like that cat cute as well as tame.

我喜欢那只又可爱又温顺的猫。

That people who is speaking is her best friend.

那个正在说话的人是他最好的朋友。

The bag taken by her was red.

被拿走的那个包是红色的。

That bird singing in the tree looks like a small rat which has wings.

在树上唱歌的小鸟看起来像一只带翅膀的小老鼠。

The city in which she lives is far away.

她居住的城市很远。

4. 翻译并拓展

学生们不应该盲目追星。

Students, who should study hard, should not blindly pursue their idols handsome as well as beautiful.

读书可以明理。

Reading books can make us understand the truth, as is beyond dipute.