自动化测试-Selenium

一. Selenium介绍

selenium 是用来做web自动化测试的框架,支持各种浏览器,各种,支持各种语言 

原理:

二. 元素定位

2.1 XPath 定位

绝对路径: /html/head/title

相对路径以双斜杠开头,常见的相对路径定位有以下几种:

<1>相对路径+索引: 索引是从1开始的

<2>相对路径+属性值:

<3>相对路径+通配符

<4>相对路径+文本匹配

2.2 CSS定位

• id选择器: #id

• 类选择器: .class

• 标签选择: 标签名

• 后代选择器: 父级选择器 子级选择器

三. 操作测试对象

3.1 常见API

• click 点击对象

• send_keys 在对象上模拟按键输入

• clear 清除对象输入的文本内容

• submit 提交

• getAttribute 获取标签中value属性所对应的值

• text 由于获取元素的文本信息

public class Demo1 {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();//允许所有请求options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver =new ChromeDriver(options);//获取网址webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com");//获取value标签元素文本信息String str=webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value=\"搜狗搜索\"]")).getAttribute("value");System.out.println(str);//输入搜索内容webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value=\"搜狗搜索\"]")).click();Thread.sleep(3000);//找到并打印所有a标签下em标签中的内容List<WebElement> elements=webDriver.findElements(By.cssSelector("a em"));for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) {System.out.println(elements.get(i).getText());}Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.close();}
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");Thread.sleep(3000);//由于此处的搜狗搜索在form标签中,因此能够顺利提交//webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#stb")).click();webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#stb")).submit();Thread.sleep(3000);//此时代码是会报错的,因为a标签并不在form标签内//webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#weixinch")).submit();webDriver.close();}

3.2 等待

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.baidu.com/");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s-top-loginbtn")).click();//隐式等待//webDriver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3, TimeUnit.DAYS);//显示等待,若加载出直接执行下面代码,若在指定时间内没有加载出来,就抛异常new WebDriverWait(webDriver,10).until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.cssSelector("#s-top-loginbtn")));//强制等待3sThread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id=\"TANGRAM__PSP_11__userName\"]")).sendKeys("1111");webDriver.close();}

隐式等待等待的是整个页面的元素,而显示等待等待的是一定的条件. 

3.3 打印信息(标题/URL)

    public static void main(String[] args) {ChromeOptions options =new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");String title=webDriver.getTitle();String url=webDriver.getCurrentUrl();System.out.println("当前标题:"+title+"当前url:"+url);webDriver.close();}

3.4 浏览器的操作

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#stb")).click();webDriver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3, TimeUnit.DAYS);//后退一步webDriver.navigate().back();Thread.sleep(3000);//前进一步webDriver.navigate().forward();Thread.sleep(3000);//使屏幕最大化webDriver.manage().window().maximize();Thread.sleep(3000);//全屏webDriver.manage().window().fullscreen();Thread.sleep(3000);//自定义窗口大小webDriver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(600,1000));Thread.sleep(3000);//滑动滚动条((JavascriptExecutor)webDriver).executeScript("document.documentElement.scrollTop=19999");}

3.5 键盘事件

通过sendKeys()调用按键:

• sendkeys(Keys.TAB) #TAB

• sendKeys(Keys.ENTER) #回车

• sendKeys(Keys.SPACE) #空格键

• sendKeys(Keys.ESCAPE) #回退键(Esc)

  public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.SPACE);Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件开发");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);}

键盘组合键用法 

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"a") #全选 (Ctrl+a)

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"c") #复制 (Ctrl+c)

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"x") #剪切 (Ctrl+x)

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"v") #粘贴 (Ctrl+v)

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"a");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"x");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"v");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);}

3.6 鼠标事件

Actions类：

• contextClick() 右击

• doubleClick() 双击

• dragAndDrop() 拖动

• moveToElement() 移动

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);Actions actions=new Actions(webDriver);Thread.sleep(3000);//需要现将鼠标移动到要操作的元素，然后右击，要perform()才会有效果actions.moveToElement( webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#sogou_weixin"))).contextClick().perform();}

四. 特殊操作

为了方便测试的演示，测试的页面都是自制的。

4.1 定位一组元素

页面：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title>Document</title>
</head>
<body><h3>checkbox</h3>
<div class="well">
<form class="form-horizontal">
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="c1">checkbox1</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="checkbox" id="c1" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="c2">checkbox2</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="checkbox" id="c2" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="c3">checkbox3</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="checkbox" id="c3" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="r">radio1</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="radio" id="r1" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="r">radio2</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="radio" id="r2" />
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

测试： 

    public static void main(String[] args) {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test1.html?_ijt=a28mk13t2kbijoe7d2clon53lj&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");webDriver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3,TimeUnit.DAYS);List<WebElement> webElements=webDriver.findElements(By.xpath("//input[@type=\"checkbox\"]"));for (int i = 0; i < webElements.size(); i++) {System.out.println(webElements.get(i).getAttribute("type"));}}

4.2 多层框架/窗口定位

多框架定位

如果有内嵌网页框架，需要先转到框架才能操作框架内元素。

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();//允许所有请求options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver =new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://mail.163.com/");//需要先定位到框架，再对框架内元素进行操作webDriver.switchTo().frame(webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//iframe")));Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name=\"email\"]")).sendKeys("12345");}

窗口的切换

在浏览器中每个窗口都有一个句柄来标识

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("Https://www.baidu.com");//获取当前句柄String handle= webDriver.getWindowHandle();System.out.println(handle);Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s-top-left > a:nth-child(1)")).click();Set<String> hanles=webDriver.getWindowHandles();for (String h:hanles) {handle=h;}webDriver.switchTo().window(handle);Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#ww")).sendKeys("新闻联播");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s_btn_wr")).click();}

4.3 下拉框操作

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>下拉框</title>
</head>
<body>
<select id="ShippingMethod"onchange="updateShipping(options[selectedIndex]);" name="ShippingMethod"><option value="12.51">UPS Next Day Air ==> $12.51</option><option value="11.61">UPS Next Day Air Saver ==> $11.61</option><option value="10.69">UPS 3 Day Select ==> $10.69</option><option value="9.03">UPS 2nd Day Air ==> $9.03</option><option value="8.34">UPS Ground ==> $8.34</option><option value="9.25">USPS Priority Mail Insured ==> $9.25</option><option value="7.45">USPS Priority Mail ==> $7.45</option><option value="3.20" selected="">USPS First Class ==> $3.20</option>
</select>
</body>
</html>

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test3.html?_ijt=dcl94qtill9arl6odicib469be&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");WebElement webElement=webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#ShippingMethod"));Select select=new Select(webElement);Thread.sleep(3000);//通过标签 value选择 select.selectByValue("9.03");Thread.sleep(3000);//通过下标选择,下标从零开始select.selectByIndex(2);}

4.4 弹窗操作

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="Click()">这是一个弹窗</button>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript">function Click() {let name = prompt("请输入姓名：");let parent = document.querySelector("body");let child = document.createElement("div");child.innerHTML = name;parent.appendChild(child)}
</script>
</html>

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test4.html?_ijt=e7mju27ab5d214o41bhvcqjf4r&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text()=\"这是一个弹窗\"]")).click();Thread.sleep(3000);//alert弹窗取消webDriver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text()=\"这是一个弹窗\"]")).click();Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.switchTo().alert().sendKeys("软件测试");Thread.sleep(3000);webDriver.switchTo().alert().accept();}

4.5 文件操作

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<input type="file">
</body>
</html>

    public static void main(String[] args) {ChromeOptions options =new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test5.html?_ijt=klnnrj3i4pn2rhg6cl7a63qibe&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input")).sendKeys("E:\\test");}

4.6 quit和close

quit 关闭了整个浏览器,同时会清空浏览器的cookie,close关闭的是get时获取的页面.

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);webDriver.get("https://www.baidu.com");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s-top-left > a:nth-child(1)")).click();Thread.sleep(3000);//webDriver.close();webDriver.quit();}

 4.7 截图

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver();webDriver.get("Https://www.baidu.com");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#kw")).sendKeys("软件测试");webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#su")).click();Thread.sleep(3000);File file=((TakesScreenshot)webDriver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);FileUtils.copyFile(file,new File("E:\\Code\\SeleniumTest\\picture.png"));}

注:截图操作需要另外引入一个common-io的依赖

Maven Repository: commons-io » commons-io » 2.11.0 (mvnrepository.com)