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向量数据库:Milvus

news 2026/2/9 1:17:48

特性

Milvus由Go(63.4%),Python(17.0%),C++(16.6%),Shell(1.3%)等语言开发开发，支持python，go，java接口(C++,Rust,c#等语言还在开发中)，支持单机、集群部署，支持CPU、GPU运算。Milvus 中的所有搜索和查询操作都在内存中执行。,当前支持的Dimensions of a vector的最大值为32,768。其他限制。

使用步骤：

$\color{red} Milvus和之前讨论的faiss,usearch的不同在于，使用前需要先安装服务端的Milvus，否则会有以下错误：$ pymilvus.exceptions.MilvusException: <MilvusException: (code=2, message=Fail connecting to server on 127.0.0.1:19530. Timeout)>

安装Milvus：根据你的操作系统和需求，选择适合的安装方式，可以是Docker容器、二进制文件或源代码编译安装。

在这里插入图片描述

dokcer

curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | bash -s docker --mirror Aliyun
sudo chmod +x ./docker-compose-linux-x86_64
sudo cp ./docker-compose-linux-x86_64 /usr/bin/docker-compose
docker-compose version
link： Docker的快速使用， docker 中使用gpu， Docker Compose: 集合管理Docker的工具安装

安装

wget https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus/releases/download/v2.3.4/milvus-standalone-docker-compose.yml -O docker-compose.yml
sudo docker compose up -d

$ sudo docker compose up -d
[+] Running 23/23✔ standalone 7 layers [⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿]      0B/0B      Pulled                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               13.8s ✔ d5fd17ec1767 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2.4s ✔ 7ab813dbf013 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2.6s ✔ 971f9356e3f1 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4.1s ✔ 278f4560205e Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4.2s ✔ b83f734869d9 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.0s ✔ 1f27396f6efc Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.1s ✔ fe556ec02776 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.1s ✔ etcd 7 layers [⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿]      0B/0B      Pulled                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     15.8s ✔ dbba69284b27 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.6s ✔ 270b322b3c62 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.7s ✔ 7c21e2da1038 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.8s ✔ cb4f77bfee6c Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.8s ✔ e5485096ca5d Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.8s ✔ 3ea3736f61e1 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.9s ✔ 1e815a2c4f55 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10.9s ✔ minio 6 layers [⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿]      0B/0B      Pulled                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     14.1s ✔ c7e856e03741 Pull complete                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        6.6s ✔ c1ff217ec952 Pull complete             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[+] Building 0.0s (0/0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[+] Running 4/4✔ Network milvus               Created                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0.1s ✔ Container milvus-minio       Started                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4.6s ✔ Container milvus-etcd        Started                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3.5s ✔ Container milvus-standalone  Started

$ sudo docker compose ps
NAME                IMAGE                                      COMMAND                  SERVICE             CREATED              STATUS                        PORTS
milvus-etcd         quay.io/coreos/etcd:v3.5.5                 "etcd -advertise-cli…"   etcd                About a minute ago   Up About a minute (healthy)   2379-2380/tcp
milvus-minio        minio/minio:RELEASE.2023-03-20T20-16-18Z   "/usr/bin/docker-ent…"   minio               About a minute ago   Up About a minute (healthy)   0.0.0.0:9000-9001->9000-9001/tcp, :::9000-9001->9000-9001/tcp
milvus-standalone   milvusdb/milvus:v2.3.4                     "/tini -- milvus run…"   standalone          About a minute ago   Up About a minute (healthy)   0.0.0.0:9091->9091/tcp, :::9091->9091/tcp, 0.0.0.0:19530->19530/tcp, :::19530->19530/tcp

测试链接

docker port milvus-standalone 19530/tcp // docker port 命令用于查看正在运行的容器中某个端口的映射情况

$ sudo docker port milvus-standalone 19530/tcp
0.0.0.0:19530
[::]:19530

停止 Milvus服务

要停止 Milvus 单机版，请运行：
sudo docker compose down
如需在停止 Milvus 后删除数据，请执行以下命令：
sudo rm -rf volumes

客户端使用

安装

$ pip3 install pymilvus # https://github.com/milvus-io/pymilvus

使用

from pymilvus import connections, FieldSchema, CollectionSchema, DataType, Collection, utility# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 服务器地址信息
HOST = '127.0.0.1'
PORT = '19530'
# 向量信息
DIM = 200 # dimension
COLLECTION_NAME = 'test'
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 创建 Milvus 集合，可参考https://milvus.io/docs/create_collection.md
def create_milvus_collection(collection_name, dim):# 是否已存在同名集合if utility.has_collection(collection_name):utility.drop_collection(collection_name)# 如果存在，则删除已有集合# 定义集合的字段信息。注：为了降低数据插入的复杂度，Milvus 允许你为每个标量字段指定一个默认值，不包括主键字段fields = [FieldSchema(name='path', dtype=DataType.VARCHAR, description='图像路径', max_length=500, is_primary=True, auto_id=False),# 存储图像路径的 'path' 字段FieldSchema(name='embedding', dtype=DataType.FLOAT_VECTOR, description='图像嵌入向量', dim=dim)# 存储图像嵌入向量的 'embedding' 字段]# 创建集合的模式schema = CollectionSchema(fields=fields, description='集合描述信息')# 使用架构创建集合，到这一步创建的集合就能使用了collection = Collection(name=collection_name, schema=schema)#  定义用于创建索引的参数，以下示例构建一个 10 聚类IVF_FLAT索引，其中欧几里得距离 （L2） 作为相似度指标index_params = {"metric_type":"L2","index_type":"IVF_FLAT","params":{"nlist":10}}# 在 'embedding' 字段上使用指定参数创建索引collection.create_index(field_name='embedding', index_params=index_params)# 返回创建好的集合对象return collection# 发起连接
connections.connect(host=HOST, port=PORT)# 创建 collection
collection = create_milvus_collection(COLLECTION_NAME, DIM)
print(f'A new collection created: {COLLECTION_NAME}')
# 或者直接连接已有collection collection = Collection("book")import random
data = [ [str(i) for i in range(2000)],  [[random.random() for _ in range(200)] for _ in range(2000)], # None,]
print(len(data))
mr = collection.insert(data)search_params = {"metric_type": "L2", "offset": 0, "ignore_growing": False, "params": {"nprobe": 10}
}collection.load()
results = collection.search(data=[[random.random() for _ in range(200)]], anns_field="embedding", # Name of the field to search on.param=search_params,limit=10,expr=None,# 用于筛选属性的布尔表达式。有关更多信息，请参见布尔表达式规则。https://milvus.io/docs/boolean.mdoutput_fields=['embedding'],#要返回的字段的名称。Milvus 支持返回向量字段。（可选）	# consistency_level="Strong" # 搜索的一致性级别（可选）	
)print(results[0].ids)
print(results[0].distances)
hit = results[0][0]
print(hit.entity.get('embedding')) # 需要指定output_fields# ['537', '1228', '389', '1527', '395', '190', '1221', '555', '1789', '886']
# [25.513811111450195, 26.030805587768555, 26.122865676879883, 26.59450912475586, 26.952003479003906, 27.123659133911133, 27.264328002929688, 27.28336524963379, 27.417621612548828, 27.71729278564453]
# [0.15461023, 0.30096045, 0.26865703, 0.25927073, 0.33812553, 0.54217076, 0.15246719, 0.731632, 0.45709008, 0.79914236, 0.9088526, 0.02686498, 0.42263803, 0.69333476, 0.39840952, 0.6991515, 0.5305877, 0.6620755, 0.5817265, 0.21614578, 0.8906462, 0.64077824, 0.09763326, 0.8131759, 0.31869066, 0.7435266, 0.727443, 0.6023419, 0.665456, 0.3228657, 0.10494679, 0.7091096, 0.3667962, 0.3149366, 0.15853179, 0.24909244, 0.23726037, 0.17990382, 0.3514512, 0.116617575, 0.5656539, 0.36453706, 0.7430549, 0.5163423, 0.17115992, 0.3062062, 0.9076736, 0.5650338, 0.43389124, 0.6029854, 0.3382137, 0.38251325, 0.7953752, 0.19413383, 0.21625121, 0.04543528, 0.97489053, 0.76131046, 0.17360009, 0.32513952, 0.7822587, 0.99820197, 0.97119784, 0.11839666, 0.004737074, 0.18586244, 0.21051529, 0.5463567, 0.28732273, 0.59985745, 0.35132825, 0.17821868, 0.08039577, 0.22121702, 0.51074564, 0.9789643, 0.91906327, 0.3212936, 0.9785981, 0.70479745, 0.77640325, 0.03191031, 0.12803258, 0.8522966, 0.48946765, 0.8437068, 0.17805281, 0.3471558, 0.7912329, 0.19458486, 0.9588124, 0.5400154, 0.3107983, 0.08004966, 0.40348408, 0.8400167, 0.255088, 0.29406822, 0.69000036, 0.7577903, 0.6970145, 0.99666446, 0.5368813, 0.25070563, 0.10906121, 0.6366669, 0.75897807, 0.2470287, 0.83007634, 0.17270081, 0.37081972, 0.5600866, 0.47211888, 0.48388532, 0.09467795, 0.43837216, 0.3848784, 0.33862317, 0.5992313, 0.49879825, 0.21382369, 0.4665225, 0.20776376, 0.41195828, 0.77341104, 0.41533098, 0.1488313, 0.29170626, 0.90135145, 0.9490258, 0.5797127, 0.046041798, 0.032213394, 0.9823944, 0.22410004, 0.01474563, 0.54565424, 0.84022516, 0.3146623, 0.60868996, 0.8468924, 0.5047047, 0.44784358, 0.76461, 0.39477462, 0.4341565, 0.04060842, 0.7913311, 0.3800782, 0.76624304, 0.27977547, 0.5467395, 0.7406536, 0.051075574, 0.859247, 0.16734485, 0.55351096, 0.77330744, 0.21997604, 0.6573193, 0.47392654, 0.22703278, 0.21453229, 0.5354482, 0.68723947, 0.3444063, 0.19725236, 0.63618726, 0.20056139, 0.41761643, 0.3148263, 0.0072599854, 0.14207017, 0.96439177, 0.727712, 0.61615413, 0.67021996, 0.73491627, 0.64917046, 0.6545984, 0.6521858, 0.86778504, 0.65002567, 0.65721965, 0.57199746, 0.27476418, 0.5959397, 0.17169125, 0.30866027, 0.6539025, 0.83966345, 0.18539791, 0.64870465, 0.9470506, 0.6794907, 0.75711423, 0.88191146, 0.075844504, 0.9600152, 0.38191438]