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SpringBoot+Aop+注解方式实现多数据源动态切换

news 2026/3/31 19:07:19

整体思路：

引入基本依赖SpringBoot+Aop+MySql+MyBatis+lombok
在配置文件中配置多个数据源
创建数据源配置类用于读取配置
编写用于标识切换数据源的注解
创建数据源切换工具类DataSourceContextHolder
编写切面类用于在注解生效处切换数据源
编写配置类，加载数据源
创建动态数据源类，并继承AbstractRoutingDataSource，指定使用哪个数据源（关键）

项目demo gitee地址：多数据源动态切换demo

1.引入依赖

<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId><version>2.7.10</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-aop</artifactId><version>2.7.10</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>mysql</groupId><artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId><version>8.0.21</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.mybatis.spring.boot</groupId><artifactId>mybatis-spring-boot-starter</artifactId><version>2.1.3</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><version>1.18.22</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba</groupId><artifactId>druid</artifactId><version>1.2.20</version></dependency>

2.在配置文件中配置多个数据源

这里配置了上海，深圳，北京3个数据源，需要自己创建这3个库multi-sh，multi-sz，multi-bj

#默认数据源
datasource.default=sh
#上海库
spring.datasource.sh.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/multi-sh?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC
spring.datasource.sh.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.sh.username=root
spring.datasource.sh.password=123#深圳库
spring.datasource.sz.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/multi-sz?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC
spring.datasource.sz.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.sz.username=root
spring.datasource.sz.password=123#北京库
spring.datasource.bj.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/multi-bj?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC
spring.datasource.bj.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.bj.username=root
spring.datasource.bj.password=123

3.创建数据源配置类用于读取配置

spring获取统一前缀配置需要可以看我之前的文章：SpringBoot项目获取统一前缀配置以及获取非确定名称配置

package com.gooluke.datasource;import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import java.util.Map;/*** @author gooluke*/
@Setter
@Getter
@Component
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring")
public class MultiDataSourceProperties {/*** 这里的datasource是因为配置是spring.datasource.xx.xx,要配置成datasource,这样才会把配置自动映射进来* 分别映射到url、driverClassName、username、password*/private Map<String, DataSourceConfig> datasource;@Setter@Getterpublic static class DataSourceConfig {private String url;private String driverClassName;private String username;private String password;}
}

4.编写用于标识切换数据源的注解

package com.gooluke.common.annotation;import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;/*** @author gooluke*/
@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface FixedDataSource {String value();/*** 是否需要还原回之前的数据源(拓展)*/boolean needRecover() default false;}

5.创建数据源切换工具类DataSourceContextHolder

package com.gooluke.datasource;import com.gooluke.config.DataSourceConfig;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;/*** @author gooluke* 将数据源信息存放至ThreadLocal*/
public class DatasourceContextHolder {private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatasourceContextHolder.class);private static final ThreadLocal<String> DATASOURCE_THREAD_LOCAL = new ThreadLocal<>();public static void setDatasource(String datasource) {if (datasource != null && DataSourceConfig.dataSources.get(datasource) == null) {String errorMsg = String.format("数据源[%s]未配置", datasource);log.error(errorMsg);throw new RuntimeException(errorMsg);}DATASOURCE_THREAD_LOCAL.set(datasource);}public static String getDatasource() {return DATASOURCE_THREAD_LOCAL.get();}public static void clearDatasource() {DATASOURCE_THREAD_LOCAL.remove();}
}

6.编写切面类用于在注解生效处切换数据源

package com.gooluke.aspect;import com.gooluke.common.annotation.FixedDataSource;
import com.gooluke.datasource.DatasourceContextHolder;
import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut;
import org.aspectj.lang.reflect.MethodSignature;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;/*** @author gooluke* 切换数据源切面类* 这个已不再使用，使用com.gooluke.aop.DataSourceAnnotationAdvisor替代*/
@Aspect
@Component
public class DataSourceAspect {private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DataSourceAspect.class);/*** 注解加在方法上*/@Pointcut("@annotation(com.gooluke.common.annotation.FixedDataSource)")private void methodPointCut() {}/*** 注解加在方法上*/@Pointcut("@within(com.gooluke.common.annotation.FixedDataSource)")public void classPointcut() {}@Around(value = "methodPointCut() || classPointcut()")public Object around(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) throws Throwable {//记录当前数据源，和准备切换的数据源String oldDatasource = DatasourceContextHolder.getDatasource();MethodSignature methodSignature = (MethodSignature) joinPoint.getSignature();java.lang.reflect.Method method = methodSignature.getMethod();FixedDataSource annotation = method.getAnnotation(FixedDataSource.class);//方法上获取注解为空，再从类上获取if (annotation == null) {annotation = method.getDeclaringClass().getAnnotation(FixedDataSource.class);}String newDatasource = annotation.value();//切换数据源，并执行操作DatasourceContextHolder.setDatasource(newDatasource);try {return joinPoint.proceed();} finally {//是否切换回初始数据源if (annotation.needRecover()) {DatasourceContextHolder.setDatasource(oldDatasource);}}}
}

7.编写配置类，加载数据源

这个配置类，主要就是将我们配置的多数据源解析然后统一管理，dynamicDataSource.setTargetDataSources(targetDataSources); 以及设置默认数据源。

package com.gooluke.config;import com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource;
import com.gooluke.aop.DataSourceAnnotationAdvisor;
import com.gooluke.aop.DataSourceAnnotationInterceptor;
import com.gooluke.datasource.DynamicDataSource;
import com.gooluke.datasource.MultiDataSourceProperties;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
import org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Primary;
import org.springframework.core.io.support.PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver;
import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager;import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;/*** @author gooluke*/@Configuration
@Slf4j
public class DataSourceConfig {public static final Map<String, String> dataSources = new HashMap<>();@AutowiredMultiDataSourceProperties dataSourceProperties;@Value("${datasource.default:}")private String defaultDataSourceName;@Bean@Primarypublic DynamicDataSource dynamicDataSource() {DynamicDataSource dynamicDataSource = new DynamicDataSource();//存放所有数据源Map<Object, Object> targetDataSources = new HashMap<>();Map<String, MultiDataSourceProperties.DataSourceConfig> datasourceMap = dataSourceProperties.getDatasource();if (datasourceMap.entrySet().size() > 1 && (defaultDataSourceName == null || defaultDataSourceName.isEmpty())) {throw new RuntimeException("存在多个数据源，未配置默认数据源：datasource.default");}datasourceMap.forEach((datasourceName, config) -> {DataSource dataSource = createDataSource(config);targetDataSources.put(datasourceName, dataSource);dataSources.put(datasourceName, datasourceName);log.info("已初始化数据库：{}", datasourceName);if (datasourceMap.size() == 1 || (defaultDataSourceName != null && !defaultDataSourceName.isEmpty() && defaultDataSourceName.equals(datasourceName))) {//这里设置默认数据源dynamicDataSource.setDefaultTargetDataSource(dataSource);log.info("已设置默认数据源: {}", datasourceName);}});//这里把数据源统一管理dynamicDataSource.setTargetDataSources(targetDataSources);return dynamicDataSource;}private DataSource createDataSource(MultiDataSourceProperties.DataSourceConfig dataSourceConfig) {DruidDataSource dataSource = new DruidDataSource();dataSource.setUrl(dataSourceConfig.getUrl());dataSource.setDriverClassName(dataSourceConfig.getDriverClassName());dataSource.setUsername(dataSourceConfig.getUsername());dataSource.setPassword(dataSourceConfig.getPassword());dataSource.setValidationQuery("SELECT 1");dataSource.setTestWhileIdle(true);dataSource.setTestOnBorrow(false);dataSource.setTestOnReturn(false);dataSource.setPoolPreparedStatements(true);dataSource.setMaxPoolPreparedStatementPerConnectionSize(20);return dataSource;}@Bean@Primarypublic SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory(DynamicDataSource dynamicDataSource) throws Exception {SqlSessionFactoryBean sessionFactory = new SqlSessionFactoryBean();sessionFactory.setDataSource(dynamicDataSource);PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver resolver = new PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver();org.springframework.core.io.Resource[] resources = resolver.getResources("classpath:/mapper/*.xml");//org.springframework.core.io.Resource config = resolver.getResource("classpath:mybatis-config.xml");sessionFactory.setMapperLocations(resources);//sessionFactory.setConfigLocation(config);return sessionFactory.getObject();}@Bean@Primarypublic DataSourceTransactionManager transactionManager(DynamicDataSource dynamicDataSource) {return new DataSourceTransactionManager(dynamicDataSource);}}

8.创建动态数据源类，并继承AbstractRoutingDataSource，指定使用哪个数据源（关键）

这里可以理解为就是一个口子，让我们自己指定数据源，如果你返回的是null，则会指定我们配置类中设置的默认数据源：dynamicDataSource.setDefaultTargetDataSource(dataSource);

package com.gooluke.datasource;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.lookup.AbstractRoutingDataSource;/*** @author gooluke* 动态数据源*/
@Slf4j
public class DynamicDataSource extends AbstractRoutingDataSource {/*** 这里返回ThreadLocal中的数据源*/@Overrideprotected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() {return DatasourceContextHolder.getDatasource();}}

9.请求完成后，记得清空ThreadLocal，否则会造成内存泄漏

编写一个拦截器，在请求完成后，remove

package com.gooluke.interceptor;import com.gooluke.datasource.DatasourceContextHolder;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;/*** @author gooluke*/
@Component
@Slf4j
public class DataSourceInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {@Overridepublic void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {DatasourceContextHolder.clearDatasource();log.info("请求处理完成，清除数据源");}
}

10.代码演示

将注解加在实现类方法上，或者加在mapper/dao接口上（一般加在这里，因为dao接口一般都是操作同一个库，这里指定了，其它别的方法直接调用即可）

10.1 service层：

package com.gooluke.service.impl;import com.gooluke.dao.UserInfoDao;
import com.gooluke.dao.UserInfoDao2;
import com.gooluke.entity.TUserInfo;
import com.gooluke.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.List;/*** @author gooluke*/
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {@Autowiredprivate UserInfoDao userInfoDao;@Autowiredprivate UserInfoDao2 userInfoDao2;/*** 在这里没有设置数据源，dao层设置了数据源，可以自动切换*/@Overridepublic List<TUserInfo> selectList() {//先查深圳库，再查上海库List<TUserInfo> tUserInfos = userInfoDao.selectUserList(new TUserInfo());tUserInfos.forEach(System.out::println);List<TUserInfo> tUserInfos2 = userInfoDao2.selectUserList(new TUserInfo());tUserInfos2.forEach(System.out::println);tUserInfos.addAll(tUserInfos2);return tUserInfos;}}

10.2 dao层：

dao1指定深圳库:

package com.gooluke.dao;import com.gooluke.common.annotation.FixedDataSource;
import com.gooluke.common.constants.DataSourceName;
import com.gooluke.entity.TUserInfo;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Mapper;import java.util.List;/*** @author gooluke*/
@Mapper
@FixedDataSource(DataSourceName.SHENZHEN)
public interface UserInfoDao {List<TUserInfo> selectUserList(TUserInfo userInfo);}

dao2指定上海库:

package com.gooluke.dao;import com.gooluke.common.annotation.FixedDataSource;
import com.gooluke.common.constants.DataSourceName;
import com.gooluke.entity.TUserInfo;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Mapper;import java.util.List;/*** @author gooluke*/
@Mapper
@FixedDataSource(DataSourceName.SHANGHAI)
public interface UserInfoDao2 {List<TUserInfo> selectUserList(TUserInfo userInfo);}

10.3 观察结果

切库成功，分别查询了不同库的数据，并在最后清空了ThreadLocal中的数据

11.动态数据源（开源）dynamic-datasource-spring-boot-starter

上面这种Aop的实现方式在注解加在service接口的方法上其实是不生效的，当然也不建议加在service接口上，通常是加在实现类类上或者方法上。而Mapper/Dao接口的实现类是通过mybatis动态代理生成的，注解加在Mapper/Dao接口上是能生效的，我没有找到为啥他的实现类可以的文章。而我们也可以通过别的方式，把注解加在接口上的场景通过Aop拦截，只是不建议。下面是开源组件-动态数据源

'com.baomidou:dynamic-datasource-spring-boot-starter:3.3.2'

的Aop方案，有兴趣的可以去看一下他的源码，我的工程里也是用的这种方案，需要在配置类中声明@bean

11.1 创建一个DataSourceAnnotationAdvisor去继承AbstractPointcutAdvisor类，并实现BeanFactoryAware接口

11.2 重写getPointcut()、getAdvice()、setBeanFactory()方法

11.3 配置声明@Bean

    @Beanpublic DataSourceAnnotationAdvisor dataSourceAnnotationAdvisor() {DataSourceAnnotationInterceptor dataSourceAnnotationInterceptor = new DataSourceAnnotationInterceptor();return new DataSourceAnnotationAdvisor(dataSourceAnnotationInterceptor);}