泛型加持的策略模式：打造高扩展的通用策略工具类

一、传统策略模式的痛点与突破

1.1 传统策略实现回顾

// 传统支付策略接口
public interface PaymentStrategy {void pay(BigDecimal amount);
}// 具体策略实现
public class AlipayStrategy implements PaymentStrategy {public void pay(BigDecimal amount) { /* 支付宝支付逻辑 */ }
}// 策略上下文
public class PaymentContext {private PaymentStrategy strategy;public void setStrategy(PaymentStrategy strategy) {this.strategy = strategy;}public void executePayment(BigDecimal amount) {strategy.pay(amount);}
}

存在问题：
❌ 策略类型固定，无法通用化
❌ 新增策略需修改上下文类
❌ 无法动态管理策略集合

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二、泛型化策略工具类设计

2.1 核心接口定义

/*** 通用策略接口* @param <T> 策略参数类型* @param <R> 返回结果类型*/
public interface GenericStrategy<T, R> {/*** 是否支持当前策略类型*/boolean support(String strategyType);/*** 执行策略*/R apply(T param);
}

2.2 策略上下文工具类

public class StrategyContext<T, R> {private final Map<String, GenericStrategy<T, R>> strategyMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();/*** 注册策略*/public void registerStrategy(String strategyType, GenericStrategy<T, R> strategy) {strategyMap.put(strategyType, strategy);}/*** 执行策略*/public R execute(String strategyType, T param) {GenericStrategy<T, R> strategy = Optional.ofNullable(strategyMap.get(strategyType)).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalArgumentException("未找到策略: " + strategyType));return strategy.apply(param);}/*** 批量执行策略*/public List<R> executeAll(T param) {return strategyMap.values().stream().map(s -> s.apply(param)).collect(Collectors.toList());}
}

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三、Spring集成与自动装配

3.1 自动注册策略实现

@Configuration
public class StrategyAutoConfiguration {/*** 自动发现所有策略Bean并注册*/@Beanpublic <T, R> StrategyContext<T, R> strategyContext(List<GenericStrategy<T, R>> strategies) {StrategyContext<T, R> context = new StrategyContext<>();strategies.forEach(strategy -> context.registerStrategy(strategy.getClass().getAnnotation(StrategyType.class).value(),strategy));return context;}
}/*** 策略类型注解*/
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
public @interface StrategyType {String value();
}

3.2 策略实现示例

@StrategyType("alipay")
@Component
public class AlipayStrategy implements GenericStrategy<PaymentRequest, PaymentResult> {@Overridepublic boolean support(String strategyType) {return "alipay".equals(strategyType);}@Overridepublic PaymentResult apply(PaymentRequest request) {// 支付宝支付具体实现}
}

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四、企业级应用案例

4.1 支付策略路由

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/payment")
public class PaymentController {@Autowiredprivate StrategyContext<PaymentRequest, PaymentResult> paymentContext;@PostMapping("/{type}")public PaymentResult pay(@PathVariable String type, @RequestBody PaymentRequest request) {return paymentContext.execute(type, request);}
}

4.2 动态折扣计算

public enum DiscountType {NEW_USER, FESTIVAL, VIP_LEVEL
}public class DiscountStrategy implements GenericStrategy<DiscountType, BigDecimal> {private static final Map<DiscountType, BigDecimal> DISCOUNT_MAP = Map.of(DiscountType.NEW_USER, new BigDecimal("0.9"),DiscountType.FESTIVAL, new BigDecimal("0.8"),DiscountType.VIP_LEVEL, new BigDecimal("0.7"));@Overridepublic boolean support(String strategyType) {return Arrays.stream(DiscountType.values()).anyMatch(e -> e.name().equals(strategyType));}@Overridepublic BigDecimal apply(DiscountType type) {return DISCOUNT_MAP.get(type);}
}

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五、高级功能扩展

5.1 策略优先级控制

public class PriorityStrategyContext<T, R> extends StrategyContext<T, R> {private final PriorityQueue<GenericStrategy<T, R>> priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<>(Comparator.comparingInt(this::getPriority));private int getPriority(GenericStrategy<T, R> strategy) {return strategy.getClass().isAnnotationPresent(StrategyPriority.class) ?strategy.getClass().getAnnotation(StrategyPriority.class).value() : 0;}@Overridepublic void registerStrategy(String type, GenericStrategy<T, R> strategy) {super.registerStrategy(type, strategy);priorityQueue.offer(strategy);}public R executeFirst(T param) {return priorityQueue.peek().apply(param);}
}

5.2 策略执行监控

public class MonitoredStrategyContext<T, R> extends StrategyContext<T, R> {private final MeterRegistry meterRegistry;@Overridepublic R execute(String strategyType, T param) {Timer.Sample sample = Timer.start(meterRegistry);try {R result = super.execute(strategyType, param);sample.stop(meterRegistry.timer("strategy.execute.time", "type", strategyType));return result;} catch (Exception e) {meterRegistry.counter("strategy.error", "type", strategyType).increment();throw e;}}
}

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六、最佳实践总结

1. 合理定义策略边界：每个策略应聚焦单一职责

2. 统一异常处理：定义策略执行异常体系

3. 版本控制策略：支持多版本策略共存

4. 动态配置支持：结合配置中心实现热更新

5. 性能优化：缓存高频使用策略