构建系统maven

1 前言

说真的，我是真的不想看构建了，因为真的太多了。又多又乱。Maven、Gradle、Make、CMake、Meson、Ninja，Android BP。。。感觉学不完，根本学不完。。。

但是没办法最近又要用一下Maven，所以咬着牙再简单整理一下。

安装：

sudo apt update
sudo apt install maven
mvn -v

功能：

功能	说明
📦 依赖管理	自动下载并管理第三方 JAR 包
🔨 项目构建	编译 Java、打包成 JAR/WAR 等
📁 项目结构标准化	统一目录结构，便于协作
🔁 生命周期管理	统一管理编译、测试、打包、部署流程
📜 插件系统	可通过插件扩展（如编译器、测试、部署）

核心就是POM（Project Object Model），一个XML配置文件。然后maven工具读取这个xml，根据上面的配置进行处理。

maven有三个生命周期

clean生命周期: clean
           |
default生命周期: validate → compile → test → package → verify → install → deploy

           |
site生命周期:site→ site-deploy 生成文档部署文档

所以典型命令是：

mvn clean package

这个命令就是首先清理之前的构建，再进行新的打包。

三个周期中最重要的是default周期，命令如下：

阶段（Phase）	作用
compile	编译源码
test	编译并运行单元测试
package	打包（生成 JAR/WAR）
install	安装到本地仓库
deploy	部署到远程仓库

2 POM.XML的配置

下面是典型的配置

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><!-- 项目信息 --><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>demo-project</artifactId><version>1.0.0</version><packaging>jar</packaging> <!-- 可选：jar / war / pom --><name>Demo Project</name><description>这是一个示例 Maven 项目</description><url>http://www.example.com</url><!-- Java版本控制 --><properties><maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source><maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target></properties><!-- 依赖 --><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-context</artifactId><version>5.3.30</version></dependency></dependencies><!-- 插件 --><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>${maven.compiler.source}</source><target>${maven.compiler.target}</target></configuration></plugin></plugins></build></project>

常用配置如下：

区块	用途
<groupId>	项目的组织标识，一般为域名倒写，如：com.company.project
<artifactId>	项目的模块名，是打包后的文件名
<version>	项目的版本号，如 1.0.0-SNAPSHOT
<packaging>	打包类型（如：jar、war、pom）
<dependencies>	项目的所有依赖库
<build>	构建相关配置（插件、目标目录等）
<repositories>	添加第三方仓库（如果 Maven 中央仓库没有你要的包）
<profiles>	配置多种构建环境（例如 dev/test/prod）
<properties>	定义全局属性，便于统一管理，比如 Java 版本、编码等

依赖：

<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.slf4j</groupId><artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId><version>2.0.9</version></dependency>
</dependencies>

子项	说明
<scope>	依赖作用范围（compile, test, provided, runtime）
<optional>	是否为可选依赖
<exclusions>	排除传递性依赖

构建

<build><sourceDirectory>src/main/java</sourceDirectory><resources><resource><directory>src/main/resources</directory></resource></resources><plugins><!-- 编译插件 --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>1.8</source><target>1.8</target></configuration></plugin></plugins>
</build>

插件名	作用
maven-jar-plugin	生成 JAR 包
maven-surefire-plugin	执行单元测试
maven-assembly-plugin	打包为带依赖的 JAR/ZIP
maven-site-plugin	生成项目文档

构建

<build><sourceDirectory>src/main/java</sourceDirectory><resources><resource><directory>src/main/resources</directory></resource></resources><plugins><!-- 编译插件 --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>1.8</source><target>1.8</target></configuration></plugin></plugins>
</build>

插件名	作用
maven-jar-plugin	生成 JAR 包
maven-surefire-plugin	执行单元测试
maven-assembly-plugin	打包为带依赖的 JAR/ZIP
maven-site-plugin	生成项目文档

属性

<properties><java.version>17</java.version><project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>

 仓库配置

<repositories><repository><id>aliyun-central</id><url>https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/central</url></repository>
</repositories>

构建环境

<profiles><profile><id>dev</id><properties><env>development</env></properties></profile><profile><id>prod</id><properties><env>production</env></properties></profile>
</profiles>

mvn clean install -P dev

3 一些实际例子

3.1 Hello

代码结构：

helloworld/
├── pom.xml
└── src/
    └── main/
        └── java/
            └── com/example/
                └── App.java

pom.xml：

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>helloworld</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><packaging>jar</packaging><name>HelloWorld</name><build><plugins><!-- 编译和运行入口 --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>17</source><target>17</target></configuration></plugin></plugins></build>
</project>

App.java

package com.example;public class App {public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println("Hello, Maven!");}
}

编译打包命令是mvn package

从log可以看出，maven自动下载的内容真的非常多。

ubuntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ mvn package
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< com.example:helloworld >-----------------------
[INFO] Building HelloWorld 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-resources-plugin/2.6/maven-resources-plugin-2.6.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-resources-plugin/2.6/maven-resources-plugin-2.6.pom (8.1 kB at 2.7 kB/s)...Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.5.0/plexus-utils-3.5.0.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-api/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-api-2.13.0.jar (27 kB at 4.9 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-manager/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-manager-2.13.0.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-manager/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-manager-2.13.0.jar (4.7 kB at 735 B/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-javac/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-javac-2.13.0.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-javac/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-javac-2.13.0.jar (23 kB at 2.4 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/commons-io/commons-io/2.6/commons-io-2.6.jar (215 kB at 21 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.5.0/plexus-utils-3.5.0.jar (267 kB at 16 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/ow2/asm/asm/9.4/asm-9.4.jar (122 kB at 6.3 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/thoughtworks/qdox/qdox/2.0.3/qdox-2.0.3.jar (334 kB at 13 kB/s)
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module! :source
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file with javac [debug target 17] to target/classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ helloworld ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory /home/ubuntu/java/src/test/resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.11.0:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ helloworld ---
[INFO] No sources to compile
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.12.4:test (default-test) @ helloworld ---
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-plugin-api/2.0.9/maven-plugin-api-2.0.9.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-plugin-api/2.0.9/maven-plugin-api-2.0.9.pom (1.5 kB at 3.9 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven/2.0.9/maven-2.0.9.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven/2.0.9/maven-2.0.9.pom (19 kB at 14 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-parent/8/maven-parent-8.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-parent/8/maven-parent-8.pom (24 kB at 9.8 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/apache/4/apache-4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/apache/4/apache-4.pom (4.5 kB at 1.7 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-booter/2.12.4/surefire-booter-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-booter/2.12.4/surefire-booter-2.12.4.pom (3.0 kB at 2.4 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-api/2.12.4/surefire-api-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-api/2.12.4/surefire-api-2.12.4.pom (2.5 kB at 2.8 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/maven-surefire-common/2.12.4/maven-surefire-common-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/maven-surefire-common/2.12.4/maven-surefire-common-2.12.4.pom (5.5 kB at 4.8 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-annotations/3.1/maven-plugin-annotations-3.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-annotations/3.1/maven-plugin-annotations-3.1.pom (1.6 kB at 2.1 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-tools/3.1/maven-plugin-tools-3.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-tools/3.1/maven-plugin-tools-3.1.pom (16 kB at 8.4 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-artifact/2.0.9/maven-artifact-2.0.9.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-artifact/2.0.9/maven-artifact-2.0.9.pom (1.6 kB at 4.3 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.0.8/plexus-utils-3.0.8.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.0.8/plexus-utils-3.0.8.pom (3.1 kB at 4.3 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus/3.2/plexus-3.2.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus/3.2/plexus-3.2.pom (19 kB at 16 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/sonatype/spice/spice-parent/17/spice-parent-17.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/sonatype/spice/spice-parent/17/spice-parent-17.pom (6.8 kB at 11 kB/s)...Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-archiver/2.1/plexus-archiver-2.1.jar (184 kB at 19 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.0/plexus-utils-3.0.jar (226 kB at 15 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/commons-lang/commons-lang/2.1/commons-lang-2.1.jar (208 kB at 9.8 kB/s)
[INFO] Building jar: /home/ubuntu/java/target/helloworld-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  04:17 min
[INFO] Finished at: 2025-06-01T22:14:24+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

编译完成之后直接用java运行即可。

ubuntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ java -cp target/helloworld-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.example.App
Hello, Maven!

3.2 添加第三方依赖（如 Gson）

在pom.xml中增加，并且指示编译成fat jar

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>helloworld</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><packaging>jar</packaging><name>HelloWorld</name><dependencies><dependency><groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId><artifactId>gson</artifactId><version>2.10.1</version></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><!-- Java 编译器插件 --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>17</source><target>17</target></configuration></plugin><!-- 打包为 fat jar --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId><version>3.5.0</version><executions><execution><phase>package</phase><goals><goal>shade</goal></goals><configuration><transformers><transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer"><mainClass>com.example.App</mainClass></transformer></transformers></configuration></execution></executions></plugin></plugins></build>
</project>

修改代码App.java

package com.example;
import com.google.gson.Gson;public class App {public static void main(String[] args) {Gson gson = new Gson();String json = gson.toJson(new int[]{1, 2, 3});System.out.println(json); // 输出：[1,2,3]}
}

之后编译时会自动下载新的依赖。

buntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ mvn package
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< com.example:helloworld >-----------------------
[INFO] Building HelloWorld 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.pom (9.4 kB at 1.0 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson-parent/2.10.1/gson-parent-2.10.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson-parent/2.10.1/gson-parent-2.10.1.pom (13 kB at 5.2 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.jar (283 kB at 10.0 kB/s)
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ helloworld ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory /home/ubuntu/java/src/main/resources

运行：

ubuntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ java -cp target/helloworld-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.example.App
[1,2,3]

3.3 多POM

项目结构：

myproject/
├── pom.xml  <-- 父项目
├── module-a/
│   └── pom.xml
└── module-b/
    └── pom.xml
父pom.xml

<modules><module>module-a</module><module>module-b</module>
</modules>

4 对比

最后列一下这一堆构建工具的对比。

特性/工具	Maven	Gradle	Make	CMake	Meson	Ninja
🔧 主要用于语言	Java, Kotlin	Java, Kotlin, Groovy	C/C++、Fortran	C/C++、CUDA	C/C++、Python、Rust 等	C/C++（需搭配生成器）
⚙️ 配置方式	XML	Groovy/Kotlin DSL	手写 Makefile	CMakeLists.txt（专有语法）	meson.build（Python-like）	.ninja（自动生成）
📦 依赖管理	✅ 内置依赖管理（Maven Central）	✅ 更灵活支持 Maven/Gradle 仓库	❌ 无内置	❌ 无，依赖手动或外部工具	🔄 可接入 wrapdb、pkg-config	❌ 无
🚀 性能	较慢（XML解析、顺序执行）	快（增量构建、多线程）	慢（无并行、无依赖缓存）	中等（生成效率好，构建慢）	快（配合 Ninja 后端）	极快（专注高效执行）
🔁 增量构建	支持（但较粗）	✅ 高级支持（内建缓存）	❌ 无内建	❌ 无内建	✅ 支持	✅ 由生成器控制
🧱 多模块支持	✅ 优秀	✅ 优秀	❌ 需手动	✅ 通过 add_subdirectory	✅ 支持	❌ 不支持
🔌 插件/扩展	✅ 丰富插件系统	✅ 插件和自定义 Task 多	❌ 无插件	✅ 一些模块	少量内建模块	❌ 无插件系统
📚 文档与社区	📘 成熟，企业多	📘 成熟，现代项目多	📙 历史悠久	📘 主流开源工具使用	📘 新兴，GN、Gnome 使用	📙 少，偏底层
📈 学习曲线	中（XML配置略繁琐）	中高（DSL强大但复杂）	低（语法简单）	中（语法非标准）	低-中（简洁清晰）	低（但手动写复杂）
🧩 常用场景	Java EE、Spring Boot 项目	Android、Kotlin、Java 项目	Linux 内核、小项目	Qt、Vulkan、LLVM 项目	GNOME、系统包项目	Chromium、LLVM 构建后端

选用指南

你是…	推荐工具	理由
Java 开发者	Maven 或 Gradle	Java 生态标准构建工具
Android 开发者	Gradle	Android Studio 默认工具，支持 DSL
C/C++ 项目开发者	CMake + Ninja	广泛支持 IDE，效率高
嵌入式或 Linux 驱动开发者	Make	简洁、可控，资源占用少
现代 C/C++ 工程、GNOME/GTK	Meson + Ninja	更快、更现代的构建系统
要最高性能的构建执行	Ninja	超快速构建执行器（需搭配生成器使用）