多态语法详解

一：概念

1：同一个引用，调用了同一个方法，因为引用的对象不一样，所表现出来的行为也不一样。

1：多态实现条件

1：必须在继承体系下；
2：子类必须对父类中的方法进行重写；
3：通过父类引用调用重写的方法；

二:重写：

重写也称覆盖。重写是子类对父类非静态，非private,非final修饰，非构造方法等的实现过程进行重新编写。
重写规则
1:方法名，参数列表（参数类型，个数，顺序），返回类型都要相同，（返回类型可以构成父子类关系）。
2：子类重写父类同名的方法时，子类方法的访问权限要大于父类的。
3：当在父类的构造方法中，调用了子类和父类同名的方法时，此时会调用子类的方法。
提醒： 不要在构造方法中调用重写的方法。

class Person{public String name;public int age;public Person(String name, int age) {this.name = name;this.age = age;fun();}public void fun(){System.out.println("父类的fun()方法");}
}
class Student extends Person{public Student(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}public void fun(){System.out.println("子类的fun()方法");}
}
public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {Student student=new Student("张三",20);}
}

4：父类方法被static ,final,private修饰不能重写

三：向上转型和向下转型

1:向上转型：

子类对象给到了父类对象，也可以理解为：父类引用引用的是子类对象，通过父类的引用去调用父类和子类同名的方法，不过调用的是子类的方法。（也叫作动态绑定）

1：直接赋值：

class Animal{private String name;private int age;public Animal(String name, int age) {this.name = name;this.age = age;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getAge() {return age;}public void setAge(int age) {this.age = age;}public void eat(){System.out.println(this.age+"在吃饭");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{public Dog(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃狗粮");}
}
public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {Animal animal=new Dog("旺财",3);//父类引用引用了子类对象animal.eat();//通过父类引用访问了和父类同名的子类方法，}
}

2：方法传参

class Animal{private String name;private int age;public Animal(String name, int age) {this.name = name;this.age = age;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getAge() {return age;}public void setAge(int age) {this.age = age;}public void eat(){System.out.println(this.age+"在吃饭");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{public Dog(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃狗粮");}
}
class Cat extends Animal{public Cat(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃猫粮");}
}
public class Test {public static void fun(Animal animal){animal.eat();//同一个引用，引用了同一个方法，因为引用的对象不一样，所表现出来的行为不一样，我们把这种思想叫做多态}public static void main(String[] args) {Dog dog=new Dog("旺财",3);fun(dog);fun(new Cat("喵喵",2));}
}

3：返回值

作返回值，返回任意子类对象

class Animal{private String name;private int age;public Animal(String name, int age) {this.name = name;this.age = age;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getAge() {return age;}public void setAge(int age) {this.age = age;}public void eat(){System.out.println(this.age+"在吃饭");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{public Dog(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃狗粮");}
}
class Cat extends Animal{public Cat(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃猫粮");}
}
public class Test {public static Animal fun(){return new Dog("旺财",3);}public static void main(String[] args) {Animal animal=fun();animal.eat();}
}

2:向下转型

将一个子类对象经过向上转型后当成父类方法使用，再也无法调用子类特有的方法，

class Animal{private String name;private int age;public Animal(String name, int age) {this.name = name;this.age = age;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getAge() {return age;}public void setAge(int age) {this.age = age;}public void eat(){System.out.println(this.age+"在吃饭");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{public Dog(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃狗粮");}
}
class Cat extends Animal{public Cat(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃猫粮");}public void barks(){System.out.println(this.getName()+"摇尾巴");}
}
public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {Animal animal =new Dog("旺财",3);animal.barks();}
}

但有时需要调用子类特有的方法，此时:将父类引用在还原为子类对象，也就是向下转型。

class Animal{private String name;private int age;public Animal(String name, int age) {this.name = name;this.age = age;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getAge() {return age;}public void setAge(int age) {this.age = age;}public void eat(){System.out.println(this.age+"在吃饭");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{public Dog(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}public void barks(){System.out.println(this.getName()+"摇尾巴");}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃狗粮");}
}
class Cat extends Animal{public Cat(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃猫粮");}}
public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {Dog dog=new Dog("旺财" ,2);Animal animal =dog;dog=**(Dog)** animal;dog.barks();}
}

向下转型用的比较少，而且不完全，万一转换失败，运行时就会抛出异常，Java中为了提高向下转型的安全性，引入了instance,如果表达式为true,则可以安全转换。

class Animal{private String name;private int age;public Animal(String name, int age) {this.name = name;this.age = age;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getAge() {return age;}public void setAge(int age) {this.age = age;}public void eat(){System.out.println(this.age+"在吃饭");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{public Dog(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}public void barks(){System.out.println(this.getName()+"摇尾巴");}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃狗粮");}
}
class Cat extends Animal{public Cat(String name, int age) {super(name, age);}@Overridepublic void eat() {System.out.println(this.getName()+"吃猫粮");}}
public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {Animal animal = new Dog("旺财", 3);if (animal instanceof Dog) {Dog dog = (Dog) animal;((Dog) animal).barks();}}
}