在Oracle 11g 数据库上设置透明数据加密（TDE）

本文回答2个问题：

1. 11g下简明的TDE设置过程
2. 由于11g不支持在线TDE，介绍2中11g下的加密表空间的迁移方法

设置表空间TDE之前

表空间没有加密时，很容易探测到明文数据：

create tablespace unsectbs datafile 'unsectbs.dbf' size 10m autoextend on next 10m maxsize unlimited;
create table unsectbl tablespace unsectbs as select * from dba_users;
create unique index idx1 on unsectbl(user_id);SQL> select TABLESPACE_NAME from user_tables where table_name = 'UNSECTBL';TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------
UNSECTBSSQL> !strings /home/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/unsectbs.dbf
}|{z
h7/dORCL
UNSECTBS
SPATIAL_WFS_ADMIN_USR
EXPIRED & LOCKED
USERS
TEMP
DEFAULT
DEFAULT_CONSUMER_GROUP
10G 11G
PASSWORD,
SPATIAL_CSW_ADMIN_USR
EXPIRED & LOCKED
USERS
TEMP
...

设置表空间TDE

compatibility 需设为11.2或以上：

SQL> show parameter compatibleNAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
compatible                           string      11.2.0.4.0

通过tnsping，可以得到sqlnet.ora的路径：

$ tnsping orclTNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on 17-NOV-2023 12:39:17Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.Used parameter files:
/home/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/sqlnet.oraUsed TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias
Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = instance-20231116-1239-db11g)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)))
OK (0 msec)$ vi /home/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/sqlnet.ora

在sqlnet.ora中追加以下语句，指定wallet的位置。

ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/home/oracle/app/oracle/wallet)))

执行以下命令，创建加密的wallet，以及master key：

-- 目录必须存在，否则报错ORA-28368
SQL> !mkdir /home/oracle/app/oracle/walletSQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "Easy2rem";System altered.SQL> !ls /home/oracle/app/oracle/wallet
ewallet.p12

创建加密表空间：

alter system set db_create_file_dest='/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orcl';CREATE TABLESPACE sectbs
DATAFILE 'secure01.dbf'
SIZE 150M
ENCRYPTION
DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT);

确认已加密：

SQL> select TABLESPACE_NAME, ENCRYPTED from user_tablespaces;TABLESPACE_NAME                ENC
------------------------------ ---
SYSTEM                         NO
SYSAUX                         NO
UNDOTBS1                       NO
TEMP                           NO
USERS                          NO
SECTBS                    YES6 rows selected.SQL> create table sectbl tablespace sectbs as select * from dba_users;Table created.

设置表空间TDE之后

SQL> !strings /home/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/secure01.dbf
}|{z
h7/dORCL
SECTBS
Zdp!
2VN?
9&*.2vq
[f9k
z=G=
23WV-
@Y6w
/2.-
m:Wp.
Z-]
D''8
$gU%
?       5T
...

加密已有的表空间

11g不支持加密已有的表空间，只支持新建。

但我们可以将未加密表空间中的表迁移到加密的表空间中：

SQL> alter table unsectbl move tablespace sectbs;Table altered.SQL> select TABLESPACE_NAME from user_tables where table_name = 'UNSECTBL';TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------
SECTBS

注意，表的索引会变为无效，因此需要rebuild。详见这里。

SQL> select status from user_indexes where index_name = 'IDX1';STATUS
--------
UNUSABLESQL> alter index idx1 rebuild;Index altered.SQL> select status from user_indexes where index_name = 'IDX1';STATUS
--------
VALID

另一种迁移方式是通过数据泵导出再导入。

表的导出：

$ expdp test/Welcome1@orcl tables=unsectblExport: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 05:30:50 2023Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Starting "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01":  test/********@orcl tables=unsectbl
Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method...
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 64 KB
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
. . exported "TEST"."UNSECTBL"                          14.32 KB      31 rows
Master table "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set for TEST.SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01 is:/home/oracle/app/oracle/admin/orcl/dpdump/expdat.dmp
Job "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully completed at Mon Nov 20 05:30:54 2023 elapsed 0 00:00:04

表的导入（原表已先行删除）：

$ impdp test/Welcome1@orcl remap_table=unsectbl:sectbl remap_tablespace=unsectbs:sectbs dumpfile=expdat.dmpImport: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 05:54:24 2023Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Master table "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
Starting "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01":  test/********@orcl remap_table=unsectbl:sectbl remap_tablespace=unsectbs:sectbs dumpfile=expdat.dmp
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
. . imported "TEST"."SECTBL"                            14.32 KB      31 rows
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
Job "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01" successfully completed at Mon Nov 20 05:54:24 2023 elapsed 0 00:00:00

这个实验说明了2点问题：

1. expdp 表的导出也会导出索引
2. 索引的名字

参考

• Oracle 11G Tutorial | Transparent Data Encryption | InfiniteSkills Training
• Back to basics with Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)
• Objective: Create an encrypted Oracle 11g tablespace with Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)
• Tablespace Encryption in Oracle 11g Database Release 1
• Transparent Data Encryption in Oracle 11g
• 8.2.5 Encrypting Entire Tablespaces
• 8.4 Example: Getting Started with TDE Column Encryption and TDE Tablespace Encryption
• TDE Tablespace Encryption
• 8.3.6 Using Transparent Data Encryption in a Multi-Database Environment