基于链表实现贪吃蛇游戏

本文中，我们将使用链表和一些Win32 API的知识来实现贪吃蛇小游戏

一、功能

（1）游戏载入界面

（2）地图的绘制

（3）蛇身的移动和变长

（4）食物的生成

（5）死亡判定

（6）计算得分

（7）退出游戏和暂停游戏

实现贪吃蛇小游戏，我们需要创建3个文件来实现不同的部分

• Snake.c：游戏函数的实现
• Snake.h：结构体定义、头文件引用、宏定义和函数声明
• test.c：主函数的实现

二、Snake.h 

#pragma once
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <locale.h>#define KEY_PRESS(VK) ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK) & 0x1) ? 1 : 0)#define WALL L'□'
#define BODY L'●'
#define FOOD L'★'//蛇的初始位置
#define POS_X 24
#define POS_Y 5enum GAME_STATUS
{RUN,ESC,KILL_BY_WALL,KILL_BY_SELF,
};enum DIRECTION
{UP,DOWN,LEFT,RIGHT,
};//蛇⾝节点
typedef struct SnakeNode
{short x;short y;struct SnakeNode* next;
}SnakeNode;typedef struct Snake
{SnakeNode* pSnake;//指向蛇头SnakeNode* Food; int SleepTime;int Score;int FoodScore;enum GAME_STATUS Status;enum DIRECTION Dir;
}Snake;void GameStart(Snake* ps);void GameRun(Snake* ps);void GameEnd(Snake* ps);void SetPos(short x, short y);//设置光标坐标void WelcomeToGame();//欢迎界面void CreateMap();//创建地图void InitSnake(Snake* ps);//初始化蛇void CreateFood(Snake* ps);//生成食物void PrintHelpInfo();//打印教程void SnakeMove(Snake* ps);//蛇身移动void EatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next);//移动后吃到食物void NotEatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next);//移动后没吃到食物void KillByWall(Snake* ps);//检测是否撞墙void KillBySelf(Snake* ps);//检测是否撞到自己

三、Snake.c

在Snake.c中，我们将整个游戏拆分成游戏前的准备、游戏运行中和游戏结束后三部分

首先要在头文件中定义蛇的节点等相关信息

enum GAME_STATUS //游戏状态的枚举
{RUN, //游戏正常运行中ESC, //正常退出游戏KILL_BY_WALL, //撞到墙导致游戏结束KILL_BY_SELF, //撞到自己导致游戏结束
};enum DIRECTION //蛇身方向的枚举
{UP,DOWN,LEFT,RIGHT,
};//蛇⾝节点
typedef struct SnakeNode
{short x; //x轴坐标short y; //y轴坐标struct SnakeNode* next;
}SnakeNode;typedef struct Snake
{SnakeNode* pSnake; //指向蛇头SnakeNode* Food;  //指向食物int SleepTime; //蛇身运动的速度int Score; //总分数int FoodScore; //每个食物的分数enum GAME_STATUS Status; //游戏运行的状态enum DIRECTION Dir; //蛇身方向
}Snake;

接下来就可以开始设计游戏前的准备程序了

2.1 游戏前的准备

为了美观，我们可以使用一些cmd命令来设置控制台窗口的长宽等信息

控制台窗口实际上是有坐标的，也就是有行和列的

最左上角的位置的坐标为（0，0），像这样的一个字符高为1 宽为1

所以我们可以通过cmd命令将控制台设置为30行，100列，并将标题改成贪吃蛇

void GameStart(Snake* ps)
{system("mode con cols=100 lines=30");system("title 贪吃蛇");HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);//获得设备句柄CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);      //获得光标信息CursorInfo.bVisible = false;                    //设置光标为不可见SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);      //保存光标信息//欢迎界面WelcomeToGame();//创建地图CreateMap();//初始化蛇InitSnake(ps);//生成食物CreateFood(ps);
}

将剩下的四个功能分别分装在四个函数中

（1）欢迎界面

void WelcomeToGame()//欢迎界面
{SetPos(45, 10);printf("欢迎来到贪吃蛇小游戏");SetPos(45, 15);system("pause");system("cls");SetPos(35, 10);printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动，F3为加速，F4为减速");SetPos(35, 11);printf("加速能得到更多的分数");SetPos(45, 15);system("pause");system("cls");
}

其中，SetPos函数是用来设置光标坐标的，因为在控制台中printf中的内容会从光标的位置开始打印。

void SetPos(short x, short y) // 设置光标坐标
{COORD pos = {x, y};HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, pos);
}

完成后的效果如下：

（2）创建地图

创建地图时需要用到宽字符的打印，宽字符也就是高为1 宽为2的字符，需要用wprintf函数打印

void CreateMap() // 创建地图
{SetPos(0, 0);int i = 0;for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2){SetPos(i, 0);wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');}for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2){SetPos(i, 26);wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');}for (i = 1; i < 26; i++){SetPos(0, i);wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');}for (i = 1; i < 26; i++){SetPos(56, i);wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');}
}

我们也可以用宏定义将 L'□' 替换

#define WALL L'□'

（3）初始化蛇

void InitSnake(Snake *ps) // 初始化蛇
{SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake = NULL;for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++){cur = (SnakeNode *)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (cur == NULL){perror("InitSnake:malloc fail");return;}cur->next = NULL;cur->x = POS_X + i * 2;cur->y = POS_Y;if (ps->pSnake == NULL)ps->pSnake = cur;else{cur->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = cur;}}while (cur){SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);cur = cur->next;}ps->Food = NULL;ps->SleepTime = 200;ps->Score = 0;ps->FoodScore = 10;ps->Status = RUN;ps->Dir = RIGHT;
}

这里的蛇身和蛇的初始位置也用了宏定义

#define BODY L'●'
//蛇的初始位置
#define POS_X 24
#define POS_Y 5

 （4）生成食物

void CreateFood(Snake *ps) // 生成食物
{int x = 0;int y = 0;SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake;
again:do{x = rand() % 53 + 2;y = rand() % 25 + 1;} while (x % 2 == 1);while (cur){if (cur->x == x || cur->y == y){goto again;break;}cur = cur->next;}ps->Food = (SnakeNode *)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (ps->Food == NULL){perror("CreateFood:malloc fail");return;}ps->Food->x = x;ps->Food->y = y;SetPos(x, y);wprintf(L"%lc", FOOD);
}

这里的食物也用了宏定义

#define FOOD L'★'

2.2 游戏运行中

这一部分需要包含分数等信息的打印和按键输入的判定等功能

这里将按键输入的判断封装为了宏

#define KEY_PRESS(VK) ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK) & 0x1) ? 1 : 0)

GetAsyncKeyState的返回值是short类型，在上一次调用完该函数后，如果返回的16位的short数据中最高位是1，说明按键的状态为按下，最高位是0则为抬起 

void GameRun(Snake* ps)
{PrintHelpInfo();//打印教程do{//打印信息SetPos(60, 10);printf("当前得分:%2d", ps->Score);SetPos(60, 11);printf("当前速度:%3d", (400 - ps->SleepTime) / 40);SetPos(60, 12);printf("每个食物得分:%2d", ps->FoodScore);//判断按键if (KEY_PRESS(VK_UP) && ps->Dir != DOWN){ps->Dir = UP;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_DOWN) && ps->Dir != UP){ps->Dir = DOWN;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_LEFT) && ps->Dir != RIGHT){ps->Dir = LEFT;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_RIGHT) && ps->Dir != LEFT){ps->Dir = RIGHT;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_ESCAPE)){ps->Status = ESC;break;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE)){pause();}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F3)){if (ps->SleepTime > 40){ps->SleepTime -= 40;ps->FoodScore += 2;}}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F4)){if (ps->FoodScore > 2){ps->SleepTime += 40;ps->FoodScore -= 2;}}Sleep(ps->SleepTime);//蛇身移动SnakeMove(ps);} while (ps->Status == RUN);
}

（1）打印教程

void PrintHelpInfo() // 打印教程
{SetPos(60, 16);printf("请按空格键开始游戏");SetPos(60, 17);printf("不能撞到墙上或者撞到自己");SetPos(60, 18);printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动");SetPos(60, 19);printf("F3为加速，F4为减速");SetPos(60, 20);printf("ESC：退出游戏  space：暂停游戏");
}

效果如下

（2）暂停游戏

void pause() // 暂停游戏
{while (1){Sleep(200);if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE)){break;}}
}

（3）蛇身移动

void SnakeMove(Snake *ps) // 蛇身移动
{SnakeNode *next = (SnakeNode *)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (next == NULL){perror("SnakeMove:malloc fail");return;}switch (ps->Dir){case UP:next->x = ps->pSnake->x;next->y = ps->pSnake->y - 1;break;case DOWN:next->x = ps->pSnake->x;next->y = ps->pSnake->y + 1;break;case LEFT:next->x = ps->pSnake->x - 2;next->y = ps->pSnake->y;break;case RIGHT:next->x = ps->pSnake->x + 2;next->y = ps->pSnake->y;break;}if (next->x == ps->Food->x && next->y == ps->Food->y)EatFood(ps, next);elseNotEatFood(ps, next);KillByWall(ps);KillBySelf(ps);
}

（4）移动后吃到食物的情况

void EatFood(Snake *ps, SnakeNode *next) // 移动后吃到食物
{next->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = next;SetPos(next->x, next->y);wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);ps->Score += ps->FoodScore;free(ps->Food);ps->Food = NULL;CreateFood(ps);
}

（5）移动后没吃到食物的情况

void NotEatFood(Snake *ps, SnakeNode *next) // 移动后没吃到食物
{next->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = next;SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake;while (cur->next->next){SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);cur = cur->next;}SetPos(cur->next->x, cur->next->y);printf("  ");free(cur->next);cur->next = NULL; // 不置空会出现问题
}

（6）检测是否撞墙

void KillByWall(Snake *ps) // 检测是否撞墙
{if (ps->pSnake->x == 0 ||ps->pSnake->x == 56 ||ps->pSnake->y == 0 ||ps->pSnake->y == 25){ps->Status = KILL_BY_WALL;}
}

（7）检测是否撞到自己

void KillBySelf(Snake *ps) // 检测是否撞到自己
{SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake->next;while (cur){if (ps->pSnake->x == cur->x && ps->pSnake->y == cur->y){ps->Status = KILL_BY_SELF;}cur = cur->next;}
}

2.3 游戏结束后

void GameEnd(Snake *ps)
{SetPos(24, 12);switch (ps->Status){case KILL_BY_SELF:printf("你撞到了自己");break;case KILL_BY_WALL:printf("你撞到墙了");break;case ESC:printf("游戏退出中...");break;}SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake;while (ps->pSnake){ps->pSnake = ps->pSnake->next;free(cur);cur = ps->pSnake;}
}

2.4 完整代码

#include "snake.h"void SetPos(short x, short y)//设置光标坐标
{COORD pos = { x,y };HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, pos);
}void WelcomeToGame()//欢迎界面
{SetPos(45, 10);printf("欢迎来到贪吃蛇小游戏");SetPos(45, 15);system("pause");system("cls");SetPos(35, 10);printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动，F3为加速，F4为减速");SetPos(35, 11);printf("加速能得到更多的分数");SetPos(45, 15);system("pause");system("cls");
}void CreateMap()//创建地图
{SetPos(0, 0);int i = 0;for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2){SetPos(i, 0);wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2){SetPos(i, 26);wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}for (i = 1; i < 26; i++){SetPos(0, i);wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}for (i = 1; i < 26; i++){SetPos(56, i);wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}
}void InitSnake(Snake* ps)//初始化蛇
{SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake = NULL;for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++){cur = (SnakeNode*)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (cur == NULL){perror("InitSnake:malloc fail");return;}cur->next = NULL;cur->x = POS_X + i * 2;cur->y = POS_Y;if (ps->pSnake == NULL)ps->pSnake = cur;else{cur->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = cur;}}while (cur){SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);cur = cur->next;}ps->Food = NULL;ps->SleepTime = 200;ps->Score = 0;ps->FoodScore = 10;ps->Status = RUN;ps->Dir = RIGHT;
}void CreateFood(Snake* ps)//生成食物
{int x = 0;int y = 0;SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake;
again:do {x = rand() % 53 + 2;y = rand() % 25 + 1;} while (x % 2 == 1);while (cur){if (cur->x == x || cur->y == y){goto again;break;}cur = cur->next;}ps->Food = (SnakeNode*)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (ps->Food == NULL){perror("CreateFood:malloc fail");return;}ps->Food->x = x;ps->Food->y = y;SetPos(x, y);wprintf(L"%lc", FOOD);
}void GameStart(Snake* ps)
{system("mode con cols=100 lines=30");system("title 贪吃蛇");HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);CursorInfo.bVisible = false;SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);WelcomeToGame();CreateMap();InitSnake(ps);CreateFood(ps);
}void PrintHelpInfo()//打印教程
{SetPos(60, 16);printf("请按空格键开始游戏");SetPos(60, 17);printf("不能撞到墙上或者撞到自己");SetPos(60, 18);printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动");SetPos(60, 19);printf("F3为加速，F4为减速");SetPos(60, 20);printf("ESC：退出游戏  space：暂停游戏");
}void pause()//暂停游戏
{while (1){Sleep(200);if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE)){break;}}
}void EatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next)//移动后正好吃到食物
{next->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = next;SetPos(next->x, next->y);wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);ps->Score += ps->FoodScore;free(ps->Food);ps->Food = NULL;CreateFood(ps);
}void NotEatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next)//移动后没吃到食物
{next->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = next;SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake;while (cur->next->next){SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);cur = cur->next;}SetPos(cur->next->x, cur->next->y);printf("  ");free(cur->next);cur->next = NULL;//亲测不置空会出现问题
}void KillByWall(Snake* ps)//检测是否撞墙
{if (ps->pSnake->x == 0 ||ps->pSnake->x == 56 ||ps->pSnake->y == 0 ||ps->pSnake->y == 25){ps->Status = KILL_BY_WALL;}
}void KillBySelf(Snake* ps)//检测是否撞到自己
{SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake->next;while (cur){if (ps->pSnake->x == cur->x && ps->pSnake->y == cur->y){ps->Status = KILL_BY_SELF;}cur = cur->next;}
}void SnakeMove(Snake* ps)//蛇身移动
{SnakeNode* next = (SnakeNode*)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (next == NULL){perror("SnakeMove:malloc fail");return;}switch (ps->Dir){case UP:next->x = ps->pSnake->x;next->y = ps->pSnake->y - 1;break;case DOWN:next->x = ps->pSnake->x;next->y = ps->pSnake->y + 1;break;case LEFT:next->x = ps->pSnake->x - 2;next->y = ps->pSnake->y;break;case RIGHT:next->x = ps->pSnake->x + 2;next->y = ps->pSnake->y;break;}if (next->x == ps->Food->x && next->y == ps->Food->y)EatFood(ps, next);elseNotEatFood(ps, next);KillByWall(ps);KillBySelf(ps);
}void GameRun(Snake* ps)
{PrintHelpInfo();do{//打印信息SetPos(60, 10);printf("当前得分:%2d", ps->Score);SetPos(60, 11);printf("当前速度:%3d", (400 - ps->SleepTime) / 40);SetPos(60, 12);printf("每个食物得分:%2d", ps->FoodScore);//判断按键if (KEY_PRESS(VK_UP) && ps->Dir != DOWN){ps->Dir = UP;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_DOWN) && ps->Dir != UP){ps->Dir = DOWN;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_LEFT) && ps->Dir != RIGHT){ps->Dir = LEFT;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_RIGHT) && ps->Dir != LEFT){ps->Dir = RIGHT;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_ESCAPE)){ps->Status = ESC;break;}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE)){pause();}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F3)){if (ps->SleepTime > 40){ps->SleepTime -= 40;ps->FoodScore += 2;}}if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F4)){if (ps->FoodScore > 2){ps->SleepTime += 40;ps->FoodScore -= 2;}}Sleep(ps->SleepTime);//蛇身移动SnakeMove(ps);} while (ps->Status == RUN);
}void GameEnd(Snake* ps)
{SetPos(24, 12);switch (ps->Status){case KILL_BY_SELF:printf("你撞到了自己");break;case KILL_BY_WALL:printf("你撞到墙了");break;case ESC:printf("游戏退出中...");break;}SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake;while (ps->pSnake){ps->pSnake = ps->pSnake->next;free(cur);cur = ps->pSnake;}
}

四、test.c

#include "snake.h"void Test()
{srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));char ch = 0;do{Snake snake;GameStart(&snake);GameRun(&snake);GameEnd(&snake);if (snake.Status == ESC)break;SetPos(24, 13);printf("再来一局吗?(Y/N):");scanf(" %c", &ch);} while (ch == 'Y' || ch == 'y');SetPos(0, 27);
}int main()
{setlocale(LC_ALL, "chs");Test();return 0;
}