Cargo - 构建 rust项目、管理依赖包

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rust 安装可参考：https://blog.csdn.net/lovechris00/article/details/124808034

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关于 Cargo

• Cargo 官方文档 ： https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/
• crates : https://crates.io

Cargo is the Rust package manager.
Cargo downloads your Rust package’s dependencies, compiles your packages, makes distributable packages, and uploads them to crates.io, the Rust community’s package registry.

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构建项目

创建工程

cargo new world_hello

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目录结构如下

$ tree
.
├── Cargo.toml
└── src└── main.rs1 directory, 2 files

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• Cargo.toml 为 Rust 的清单文件。其中包含了项目的元数据和依赖库。
• src/main.rs 为编写应用代码的地方。

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编译运行

cargo run

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   Compiling world_hello v0.1.0 (/Users/user/Documents/code/scode1/rust/world_hello)Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.95sRunning `target/debug/world_hello`
Hello, world!

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会产生编译文件

$ tree -L 3
.
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── src
│   └── main.rs
└── target├── CACHEDIR.TAG└── debug├── build├── deps├── examples├── incremental├── world_hello└── world_hello.d

运行 build/run 命令会创建一个新文件 Cargo.lock，该文件记录了本地所用依赖库的精确版本。

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build

使用 run 就会自动build，但有时候我们可以只使用 build

cargo build

• 会生成 debug 文件夹：world_hello/target/debug
• 将 debug 文件夹删掉，再次 build 会产生新的 debug 文件夹；
• 如果原文件没修改，build 后，debug 的内容可能不会更新。

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clean

cargo clean

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debug 等文件夹会被删掉

$ cargo cleanRemoved 119 files, 11.4MiB total
$ tree
.
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
└── src└── main.rs1 directory, 3 files

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管理依赖

创建项目会自动生成 Cargo.toml 文件
原始内容如下：

[package]
name = "world_hello"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"[dependencies]

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添加依赖

在 Rust 中，我们通常把包称作crates
你可以在 crates 库搜索依赖：https://crates.io/crates/rand

这里以添加 rand 为例，添加在 [dependencies] 下方

...
[dependencies]
rand = "0.3.14"

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再次 build

$ cargo buildUpdating crates.io indexDownloaded rand v0.3.23Downloaded rand v0.4.6Downloaded libc v0.2.154Downloaded 3 crates (831.0 KB) in 1.22sCompiling libc v0.2.154Compiling rand v0.4.6Compiling rand v0.3.23Compiling world_hello v0.1.0 (/Users/user/Documents/code/scode1/rust/world_hello)Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 4.11s

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查看文件结构
多出了 rand 相关内容

$ tree
.
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── src
│   └── main.rs
└── target├── CACHEDIR.TAG└── debug├── build│   ├── libc-f94129358965b880│   │   ├── invoked.timestamp│   │   ├── out│   │   ├── output│   │   ├── root-output│   │   └── stderr│   └── libc-fc8c71922db79826│       ├── build-script-build│       ├── build_script_build-fc8c71922db79826│       └── build_script_build-fc8c71922db79826.d├── deps│   ├── libc-2cd8d736a65e3bdc.d│   ├── libc-2cd8d736a65e3bdc.libc.844209738d3bf612-cgu.0.rcgu.o│   ├── liblibc-2cd8d736a65e3bdc.rlib│   ├── liblibc-2cd8d736a65e3bdc.rmeta│   ├── librand-51e82a279537c372.rlib│   ├── librand-51e82a279537c372.rmeta│   ├── librand-76148f2644fb6b76.rlib│   ├── librand-76148f2644fb6b76.rmeta│   ├── rand-51e82a279537c372.d│   ├── ...│   ├── rand-76148f2644fb6b76.rand.46a886c6f1f6cb04-cgu.4.rcgu.o│   ├── world_hello-7dfffed2f60728f0│   ├── ...│   └── world_hello-ffc760ff065d95f4.rvrclgiszz772pw.rcgu.o├── examples├── incremental│   ├── world_hello-2gr5fivx8ev9t│   │   ├── s-gvxy0ymbb9-azi538-5zea3fzl7hz9mcsbpmuo9lnu2│   │   │   ├── 2ao7q67wh7pwb6v2.o│   │   │   ├── ...│   │   │   └── work-products.bin│   │   └── s-gvxy0ymbb9-azi538.lock│   └── world_hello-32qpckyi3s6et│       ├── s-gvxxyb5ewl-1g1nr9k-5ewriqusvpjsrgth3731ddhf3│       │   ├── 2jcl4b6uedw0auwo.o│       │   ├── ...│       │   ├── rvrclgiszz772pw.o│       │   └── work-products.bin│       └── s-gvxxyb5ewl-1g1nr9k.lock├── world_hello└── world_hello.d14 directories, 65 files

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update

更新所有依赖

cargo update

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更新指定库

cargo update -p rand

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check

查看对目录进行了哪些更改

修改内容 按 倒序排序

运行 check 之前，cargo clean 清理目录

$ cargo checkChecking libc v0.2.154Checking rand v0.4.6Checking rand v0.3.23Checking world_hello v0.1.0 (/Users/user/Documents/code/scode1/rust/world_hello)Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.94s

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计时

查看编译时间

time cargo build

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manual

cargo help

Rust’s package manager

Usage: cargo [+toolchain] [OPTIONS] [COMMAND]
cargo [+toolchain] [OPTIONS] -Zscript <MANIFEST_RS> [ARGS]…

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Options:

• -V, --version, Print version info and exit
  • -list, List installed commands
  • -explain <CODE, Provide a detailed explanation of a rustc error message
• -v, --verbose... , Use verbose output (-vv very verbose/build.rs output)
• -q, --quiet, Do not print cargo log messages
  • -color <WHEN, Coloring: auto, always, never
• -C <DIRECTORY, Change to DIRECTORY before doing anything
  , , (nightly-only)
  • -frozen, Require Cargo.lock and cache are up to date
  • -locked, Require Cargo.lock is up to date
  • -offline, Run without accessing the network
  • -config <KEY=VALUE, Override a configuration value
• -Z <FLAG>, Unstable (nightly-only) flags to Cargo, see cargo -Z help for details
• -h, --help, Print help

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Commands:

• build, b : Compile the current package
• check, c : Analyze the current package and report errors, but don’t build object files
• clean: Remove the target directory
• doc, d, Build this package’s and its dependencies’ documentation
• new, : Create a new cargo package
• init: Create a new cargo package in an existing directory
• add, : Add dependencies to a manifest file
• remove, Remove dependencies from a manifest file
• run, r, Run a binary or example of the local package
• test, t : Run the tests
• bench: Run the benchmarks
• update, Update dependencies listed in Cargo.lock
• search, Search registry for crates
• publish : Package and upload this package to the registry
• install : Install a Rust binary
• uninstall Uninstall a Rust binary
• … : See all commands with --list

See cargo help <command> for more information on a specific command.

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写完以上后，发现这个官方教程就挺好，参考：
<https://www.rust-lang.org/zh-CN/learn >

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伊织 2024-05-07（二）