每天40分玩转Django：实操在线商城

实操在线商城

一、今日学习内容概述

模块	重要程度	主要内容
商品模型	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	商品信息、分类管理
购物车系统	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	购物车功能实现
订单系统	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	订单处理、支付集成
用户中心	⭐⭐⭐⭐	订单管理、个人信息

二、模型设计

# models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.core.validators import MinValueValidator
from decimal import Decimalclass Category(models.Model):name = models.CharField('分类名称', max_length=100)slug = models.SlugField('URL', unique=True)description = models.TextField('描述', blank=True)image = models.ImageField('分类图片', upload_to='categories/', blank=True)class Meta:verbose_name = '商品分类'verbose_name_plural = verbose_namedef __str__(self):return self.nameclass Product(models.Model):category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='products')name = models.CharField('商品名称', max_length=200)slug = models.SlugField('URL', unique=True)description = models.TextField('商品描述')price = models.DecimalField('价格', max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)stock = models.PositiveIntegerField('库存')available = models.BooleanField('是否可用', default=True)created = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True)updated = models.DateTimeField('更新时间', auto_now=True)image = models.ImageField('商品图片', upload_to='products/')class Meta:verbose_name = '商品'verbose_name_plural = verbose_nameordering = ['-created']def __str__(self):return self.nameclass Cart(models.Model):user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)created = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True)updated = models.DateTimeField('更新时间', auto_now=True)class Meta:verbose_name = '购物车'verbose_name_plural = verbose_namedef get_total_price(self):return sum(item.get_cost() for item in self.items.all())class CartItem(models.Model):cart = models.ForeignKey(Cart, related_name='items', on_delete=models.CASCADE)product = models.ForeignKey(Product, on_delete=models.CASCADE)quantity = models.PositiveIntegerField('数量', default=1)class Meta:verbose_name = '购物车项目'verbose_name_plural = verbose_namedef get_cost(self):return self.product.price * self.quantityclass Order(models.Model):STATUS_CHOICES = [('pending', '待支付'),('paid', '已支付'),('shipped', '已发货'),('completed', '已完成'),('cancelled', '已取消'),]user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)address = models.TextField('收货地址')phone = models.CharField('联系电话', max_length=20)total_amount = models.DecimalField('总金额', max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)status = models.CharField('订单状态', max_length=10, choices=STATUS_CHOICES, default='pending')created = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True)updated = models.DateTimeField('更新时间', auto_now=True)class Meta:verbose_name = '订单'verbose_name_plural = verbose_nameordering = ['-created']def __str__(self):return f'Order {self.id}'class OrderItem(models.Model):order = models.ForeignKey(Order, related_name='items', on_delete=models.CASCADE)product = models.ForeignKey(Product, on_delete=models.CASCADE)price = models.DecimalField('价格', max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)quantity = models.PositiveIntegerField('数量', default=1)class Meta:verbose_name = '订单项目'verbose_name_plural = verbose_namedef get_cost(self):return self.price * self.quantity

三、视图实现

# views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.contrib import messages
from .models import Product, Cart, CartItem, Order, OrderItemdef product_list(request, category_slug=None):category = Nonecategories = Category.objects.all()products = Product.objects.filter(available=True)if category_slug:category = get_object_or_404(Category, slug=category_slug)products = products.filter(category=category)return render(request, 'shop/product_list.html', {'category': category,'categories': categories,'products': products})@login_required
def add_to_cart(request, product_id):product = get_object_or_404(Product, id=product_id)cart, created = Cart.objects.get_or_create(user=request.user)cart_item, item_created = CartItem.objects.get_or_create(cart=cart,product=product)if not item_created:cart_item.quantity += 1cart_item.save()messages.success(request, f'{product.name} 已添加到购物车')return redirect('cart_detail')@login_required
def cart_detail(request):cart, created = Cart.objects.get_or_create(user=request.user)return render(request, 'shop/cart_detail.html', {'cart': cart})@login_required
def checkout(request):cart = get_object_or_404(Cart, user=request.user)if request.method == 'POST':# 创建订单order = Order.objects.create(user=request.user,address=request.POST.get('address'),phone=request.POST.get('phone'),total_amount=cart.get_total_price())# 创建订单项目for item in cart.items.all():OrderItem.objects.create(order=order,product=item.product,price=item.product.price,quantity=item.quantity)# 清空购物车cart.items.all().delete()messages.success(request, '订单创建成功！')return redirect('order_detail', order_id=order.id)return render(request, 'shop/checkout.html', {'cart': cart})

四、购物车流程图

五、模板实现

<!-- templates/shop/product_list.html -->
{% extends "base.html" %}{% block content %}
<div class="container mt-4"><div class="row"><!-- 分类侧边栏 --><div class="col-md-3"><div class="list-group"><a href="{% url 'product_list' %}" class="list-group-item list-group-item-action">所有商品</a>{% for c in categories %}<a href="{{ c.get_absolute_url }}" class="list-group-item list-group-item-action">{{ c.name }}</a>{% endfor %}</div></div><!-- 商品列表 --><div class="col-md-9"><div class="row">{% for product in products %}<div class="col-md-4 mb-4"><div class="card"><img src="{{ product.image.url }}" class="card-img-top" alt="{{ product.name }}"><div class="card-body"><h5 class="card-title">{{ product.name }}</h5><p class="card-text">价格: ¥{{ product.price }}</p><form action="{% url 'add_to_cart' product.id %}" method="post">{% csrf_token %}<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">加入购物车</button></form></div></div></div>{% endfor %}</div></div></div>
</div>
{% endblock %}<!-- templates/shop/cart_detail.html -->
{% extends "base.html" %}{% block content %}
<div class="container mt-4"><h2>购物车</h2>{% if cart.items.all %}<table class="table"><thead><tr><th>商品</th><th>单价</th><th>数量</th><th>小计</th><th>操作</th></tr></thead><tbody>{% for item in cart.items.all %}<tr><td>{{ item.product.name }}</td><td>¥{{ item.product.price }}</td><td>{{ item.quantity }}</td><td>¥{{ item.get_cost }}</td><td><form action="{% url 'remove_from_cart' item.id %}" method="post">{% csrf_token %}<button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">删除</button></form></td></tr>{% endfor %}</tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>总计</strong></td><td><strong>¥{{ cart.get_total_price }}</strong></td><td></td></tr></tfoot></table><a href="{% url 'checkout' %}" class="btn btn-primary">去结算</a>{% else %}<p>购物车是空的。</p>{% endif %}
</div>
{% endblock %}

六、URL配置

# urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import viewsurlpatterns = [path('', views.product_list, name='product_list'),path('category/<slug:category_slug>/', views.product_list, name='product_list_by_category'),path('product/<int:id>/<slug:slug>/', views.product_detail, name='product_detail'),path('cart/', views.cart_detail, name='cart_detail'),path('add/<int:product_id>/',views.add_to_cart,name='add_to_cart'),path('remove/<int:item_id>/',views.remove_from_cart,name='remove_from_cart'),path('checkout/',views.checkout,name='checkout'),path('orders/',views.order_list,name='order_list'),path('order/<int:order_id>/',views.order_detail,name='order_detail'),
]

七、订单处理

# services.py
from django.db import transaction
from .models import Order, OrderItem, Cartclass OrderService:@[e-mail] create_order(user, address, phone):"""创建订单"""cart = Cart.objects.get(user=user)# 检查库存for item in cart.items.all():if item.quantity > item.product.stock:raise ValueError(f'{item.product.name} 库存不足')# 创建订单order = Order.objects.create(user=user,address=address,phone=phone,total_amount=cart.get_total_price())# 创建订单项目并更新库存for item in cart.items.all():OrderItem.objects.create(order=order,product=item.product,price=item.product.price,quantity=item.quantity)item.product.stock -= item.quantityitem.product.save()# 清空购物车cart.items.all().delete()return order

八、测试代码

# tests.py
from django.test import TestCase
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from .models import Product, Cart, CartItem
from decimal import Decimalclass ShopTest(TestCase):def setUp(self):self.user = User.objects.create_user(username='testuser',password='testpass123')self.product = Product.objects.create(name='Test Product',price=Decimal('99.99'),stock=10)def test_add_to_cart(self):self.client.login(username='testuser', password='testpass123')response = self.client.post(f'/add/{self.product.id}/')self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)cart = Cart.objects.get(user=self.user)self.assertEqual(cart.items.count(), 1)# tests.py def test_checkout(self):self.client.login(username='testuser', password='testpass123')# 添加商品到购物车cart = Cart.objects.create(user=self.user)CartItem.objects.create(cart=cart,product=self.product,quantity=2)# 提交订单response = self.client.post('/checkout/', {'address': 'Test Address','phone': '1234567890'})self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)self.assertEqual(cart.items.count(), 0)  # 购物车已清空# 检查订单是否创建成功order = Order.objects.filter(user=self.user).first()self.assertIsNotNone(order)self.assertEqual(order.total_amount, Decimal('199.98'))def test_stock_management(self):"""测试库存管理"""self.client.login(username='testuser', password='testpass123')# 添加超出库存数量的商品cart = Cart.objects.create(user=self.user)CartItem.objects.create(cart=cart,product=self.product,quantity=15  # 大于库存)# 尝试结算response = self.client.post('/checkout/', {'address': 'Test Address','phone': '1234567890'})# 应该返回错误self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)self.assertIn('库存不足', response.content.decode())

九、支付集成

# payment.py
from decimal import Decimal
import stripe
from django.conf import settingsstripe.api_key = settings.STRIPE_SECRET_KEYclass PaymentService:@staticmethoddef create_payment_intent(order):"""创建支付意图"""try:intent = stripe.PaymentIntent.create(amount=int(order.total_amount * 100),  # 转换为分currency='cny',metadata={'order_id': order.id})return intent.client_secretexcept stripe.error.StripeError as e:raise ValueError(f"支付创建失败: {str(e)}")@staticmethoddef confirm_payment(payment_intent_id):"""确认支付"""try:intent = stripe.PaymentIntent.retrieve(payment_intent_id)return intent.status == 'succeeded'except stripe.error.StripeError as e:raise ValueError(f"支付确认失败: {str(e)}")# views.py 添加支付相关视图
@login_required
def payment_process(request, order_id):order = get_object_or_404(Order, id=order_id, user=request.user)if request.method == 'POST':# 创建支付意图try:client_secret = PaymentService.create_payment_intent(order)return render(request, 'shop/payment.html', {'client_secret': client_secret,'order': order,'STRIPE_PUBLIC_KEY': settings.STRIPE_PUBLIC_KEY})except ValueError as e:messages.error(request, str(e))return redirect('order_detail', order_id=order.id)return render(request, 'shop/payment.html', {'order': order})

十、异步任务处理

# tasks.py
from celery import shared_task
from django.core.mail import send_mail
from .models import Order@shared_task
def send_order_confirmation(order_id):"""发送订单确认邮件"""order = Order.objects.get(id=order_id)subject = f'订单确认 #{order.id}'message = f'''亲爱的 {order.user.username}：您的订单 #{order.id} 已确认。订单总金额：¥{order.total_amount}感谢您的购买！'''send_mail(subject,message,'[e-mail]',[order.user.email],fail_silently=False,)@shared_task
def check_order_timeout():"""检查超时未支付订单"""from django.utils import timezonefrom datetime import timedeltatimeout = timezone.now() - timedelta(hours=24)orders = Order.objects.filter(status='pending',created__lt=timeout)for order in orders:order.status = 'cancelled'order.save()

十一、性能优化建议

1. 查询优化

   • 使用select_related和prefetch_related
   • 添加适当的索引
   • 缓存热门商品

2. 缓存策略

   • 缓存商品列表
   • 缓存分类信息
   • 使用页面缓存

3. 异步处理

   • 邮件发送
   • 订单状态更新
   • 库存检查

4. 前端优化

   • 图片懒加载
   • 静态资源压缩
   • AJAX局部刷新

十二、扩展功能建议

1. 商品功能

   • 商品评价系统
   • 商品收藏
   • 商品推荐

2. 订单功能

   • 订单跟踪
   • 订单导出
   • 退换货处理

3. 用户功能

   • 会员等级
   • 积分系统
   • 优惠券

4. 统计分析

   • 销售报表
   • 用户行为分析
   • 库存预警

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