1月第四讲：Java Web学生自习管理系统

一、项目背景与需求分析

随着网络技术的不断发展和学校规模的扩大，学生自习管理系统的需求日益增加。传统的自习管理方式存在效率低下、资源浪费等问题，因此，开发一个智能化的学生自习管理系统显得尤为重要。该系统旨在提高自习室的利用率和管理效率，为学生提供方便快捷的自习预约服务，同时为管理员提供高效的资源管理工具。

系统的主要功能需求包括：

1.用户管理：管理员和学生的注册、登录。

2.自习室管理：自习室类型、座位信息的录入和查询。

3.座位预约：学生预约自习室座位、查看预约状态和历史记录。

4.管理员操作：管理员查看预约情况、管理资源分配。

二、技术选型与架构设计

1.技术选型：

• 前端：HTML、CSS、JavaScript，用于创建用户界面。
• 后端：Java（JDK 1.8），Servlet，JSP，JDBC，用于处理业务逻辑和数据库交互。
• 数据库：MySQL，用于存储用户信息和自习室资源数据。
• 服务器：Apache Tomcat，用于部署和运行Web应用。
• 开发工具：IntelliJ IDEA 或 Eclipse，用于编写和调试代码。

2.架构设计：

三层架构：

• 表示层：JSP/HTML 作为前台与用户交互，Servlet 用于控制跳转和调用业务逻辑层。
• 业务逻辑层：处理业务逻辑，调用数据访问层。
• 数据访问层：与数据库交互，封装数据库操作。

三、数据库设计

1.用户表（users）：存储用户信息。

CREATE TABLE users (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,password VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,role VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL CHECK (role IN ('student', 'admin'))
);

2.自习室表（study_rooms）：存储自习室信息。

CREATE TABLE study_rooms (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,room_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,capacity INT NOT NULL
);

3.座位表（seats）：存储座位信息。

CREATE TABLE seats (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,room_id INT NOT NULL,status VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL CHECK (status IN ('available', 'booked')),FOREIGN KEY (room_id) REFERENCES study_rooms(id)
);

4.预约表（reservations）：存储预约信息。

CREATE TABLE reservations (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,user_id INT NOT NULL,seat_id INT NOT NULL,start_time DATETIME NOT NULL,end_time DATETIME NOT NULL,FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id),FOREIGN KEY (seat_id) REFERENCES seats(id)
);

四、后端实现

1.数据库连接工具类（DBUtil.java）：

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;public class DBUtil {private static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/study_management";private static final String DB_USER = "root";private static final String DB_PASSWORD = "your_password";private static Connection connection = null;static {try {Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");connection = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD);} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}public static Connection getConnection() {return connection;}// 其他数据库操作方法（增删改查）
}

2.数据访问层（DAO）：

• UserDao.java：

  import java.sql.*;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.List;public class UserDao {public boolean registerUser(String username, String password, String role) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, password, role) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";try (PreparedStatement pst = DBUtil.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql)) {pst.setString(1, username);pst.setString(2, password);pst.setString(3, role);return pst.executeUpdate() > 0;} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();return false;}}// 其他方法（登录、查询用户等）
  }
  

• StudyRoomDao.java 和 SeatDao.java 以及 ReservationDao.java 的实现类似，包含各自的增删改查方法。

3.业务逻辑层（Service）：

• UserService.java：

  public class UserService {public boolean register(String username, String password, String role) {return UserDao.registerUser(username, password, role);}// 其他方法（登录验证、查询用户信息等）
  }
  

• StudyRoomService.java、SeatService.java 和 ReservationService.java 类似，包含各自的业务逻辑处理。

4. Servlet：

• RegisterServlet.java：

  import javax.servlet.*;
  import javax.servlet.http.*;
  import java.io.IOException;public class RegisterServlet extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {String username = request.getParameter("username");String password = request.getParameter("password");String role = request.getParameter("role");boolean isRegistered = UserService.register(username, password, role);if (isRegistered) {response.sendRedirect("login.jsp");} else {request.setAttribute("error", "Registration failed!");request.getRequestDispatcher("register.jsp").forward(request, response);}}// 其他方法（登录Servlet、预约Servlet等）
  }
  

5. JDBC工具类

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;public class JDBCUtils {private static final String URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/StudyManagementSystem?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC";private static final String USER = "root";private static final String PASSWORD = "your_password"; // 请替换为您的数据库密码public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {return DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASSWORD);}
}

6. Servlet示例：添加学生

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;@WebServlet("/addStudent")
public class AddStudentServlet extends HttpServlet {@Overrideprotected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {String name = request.getParameter("name");String major = request.getParameter("major");int grade = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("grade"));String phone = request.getParameter("phone");String sql = "INSERT INTO Student (name, major, grade, phone) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";try (Connection conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {pstmt.setString(1, name);pstmt.setString(2, major);pstmt.setInt(3, grade);pstmt.setString(4, phone);pstmt.executeUpdate();response.sendRedirect("students.jsp"); // 重定向到学生列表页面} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();request.setAttribute("error", "添加学生失败，请稍后再试！");request.getRequestDispatcher("addStudent.jsp").forward(request, response);}}
}

7. JSP页面示例：添加学生页面

<!-- addStudent.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>添加学生</title>
</head>
<body><h2>添加学生</h2><form action="addStudent" method="post">姓名: <input type="text" name="name" required><br>专业: <input type="text" name="major" required><br>年级: <input type="number" name="grade" required><br>电话: <input type="text" name="phone" required><br><input type="submit" value="提交"></form><c:if test="${not empty error}"><p style="color:red;">${error}</p></c:if>
</body>
</html>

注意：为了使用JSP标签库（如<c:if>），您需要在JSP页面顶部添加以下指令：

jsp复制代码<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>

并且，您需要在项目的WEB-INF/lib目录下添加JSTL库（如jstl-1.2.jar）。

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五、前端实现

1.注册页面（register.jsp）：

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head><title>Register</title>
</head>
<body><h1>Register</h1><form action="RegisterServlet" method="post">Username: <input type="text" name="username" required><br>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required><br>Role: <select name="role"><option value="student">Student</option><option value="admin">Admin</option></select><br><button type="submit">Register</button></form><c:if test="${not empty error}"><p style="color:red">${error}</p></c:if>
</body>
</html>

2.登录页面（login.jsp）

登录页面（login.jsp）** 和 其他页面（如自习室管理页面、座位预约页面等）类似，通过表单提交数据到相应的Servlet进行处理。

（1）项目结构

假设项目结构如下：

MyWebApp/
│
├── src/
│   ├── main/
│   │   ├── java/
│   │   │   └── com/
│   │   │       └── example/
│   │   │           ├── controller/
│   │   │           │   ├── LoginServlet.java
│   │   │           │   ├── StudyRoomServlet.java
│   │   │           │   └── SeatReservationServlet.java
│   │   │           └── model/
│   │   │               └── User.java
│   │   └── webapp/
│   │       ├── WEB-INF/
│   │       │   ├── web.xml
│   │       └── 
│   │           ├── login.jsp
│   │           ├── studyRoom.jsp
│   │           └── seatReservation.jsp

（2） User 模型类

首先，定义一个简单的User类来表示用户信息。

// src/main/java/com/example/model/User.java
package com.example.model;public class User {private String username;private String password;// Getters and Setterspublic String getUsername() {return username;}public void setUsername(String username) {this.username = username;}public String getPassword() {return password;}public void setPassword(String password) {this.password = password;}
}

（3）登录页面 (login.jsp)

创建一个简单的登录页面。

<!-- src/main/webapp/login.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>Login</title>
</head>
<body><h2>Login</h2><form action="login" method="post"><label for="username">Username:</label><input type="text" id="username" name="username" required><br><br><label for="password">Password:</label><input type="password" id="password" name="password" required><br><br><input type="submit" value="Login"></form><p>Or go to <a href="studyRoom.jsp">Study Room Management</a> or <a href="seatReservation.jsp">Seat Reservation</a> (without login).</p>
</body>
</html>

（4）登录处理Servlet (LoginServlet.java)

处理登录表单提交的Servlet。

// src/main/java/com/example/controller/LoginServlet.java
package com.example.controller;import com.example.model.User;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/login")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {@Overrideprotected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {String username = request.getParameter("username");String password = request.getParameter("password");// Simple hard-coded authentication for demo purposesif ("admin".equals(username) && "password123".equals(password)) {User user = new User();user.setUsername(username);user.setPassword(password);request.getSession().setAttribute("user", user);response.sendRedirect("studyRoom.jsp");} else {response.sendRedirect("login.jsp?error=true");}}
}

（5）自习室管理页面 (studyRoom.jsp)

显示自习室管理页面（假设用户已登录）。

<!-- src/main/webapp/studyRoom.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>Study Room Management</title>
</head>
<body><h2>Study Room Management</h2><%if (session.getAttribute("user") == null) {response.sendRedirect("login.jsp");return;}%><p>Welcome, <%= session.getAttribute("user").getUsername() %>!</p><p>This is where you can manage study rooms.</p><a href="logout">Logout</a>
</body>
</html>

JSP 复制 全屏

（6）座位预约页面 (seatReservation.jsp)

显示座位预约页面（假设用户未登录也可访问）。

<!-- src/main/webapp/seatReservation.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>Seat Reservation</title>
</head>
<body><h2>Seat Reservation</h2><p>You can reserve a seat here.</p><%if (session.getAttribute("user") != null) {out.println("<p>Logged in as: " + session.getAttribute("user").getUsername() + "</p>");} else {out.println("<p>You are not logged in. <a href='login.jsp'>Login</a> to see more options.</p>");}%><a href="login.jsp">Login</a>
</body>
</html>

（7）注销处理Servlet (LogoutServlet.java)

处理用户注销的Servlet（未包含在代码中，但可以通过添加一个新的Servlet实现）。