资本运营：基于Python实现的资本运作模拟

基于Python实现的一个简单的资本运营框架；
​企业生命周期演示：观察初创→成长→上市→并购全流程
​行业对比分析：不同行业的财务特征和估值差异
​资本运作策略：体验IPO定价、投资决策、并购整合等操作
​市场动态观察：通过仪表盘跟踪市场结构变化

"""
资本运营模拟教学系统（完整增强版）
功能：多公司模拟、IPO全流程、智能并购、交互投资
版本：4.0（教学旗舰版）
"""
import random
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Dict, Optional, Tuple
from enum import Enum# ========== 知识库模块 ==========
class KnowledgeBase:@staticmethoddef explain(concept: str) -> str:"""行业知识增强库"""concepts = {'IPO': ("📈 IPO全流程详解：\n""1. 预路演（测试市场反应）\n""2. 估值建模（DCF/可比公司法）\n""3. 监管申报（SEC/FCA备案）\n""4. 累计投标（价格发现）\n""5. 挂牌交易（开盘价机制）"),'M&A': ("🔄 并购整合策略：\n""• 横向并购：扩大市场份额\n""• 纵向并购：控制供应链\n""• 混合并购：多元化经营\n""案例：亚马逊收购Whole Foods实现零售业整合")}return concepts.get(concept, "知识库暂未收录该词条")# ========== 数据模型模块 ==========
class Industry(Enum):TECH = "科技"FINANCE = "金融"HEALTHCARE = "医疗"CONSUMER = "消费品"MANUFACTURING = "制造"@dataclass
class FinancialReport:year: intrevenue: floatnet_profit: floattotal_assets: floatdebt: floatdef display(self) -> str:"""财务报告可视化"""return (f"{self.year}财务简报\n"f"├─ 营业收入: ${self.revenue / 1e6:.1f}M\n"f"├─ 净利润率: {self.net_profit / self.revenue * 100:.1f}%\n"f"└─ 资产负债率: {self.debt / self.total_assets * 100:.1f}%")class Company:def __init__(self, name: str, industry: Industry):self.name = nameself.industry = industryself.is_public = Falseself.financials: List[FinancialReport] = []self.cash = random.randint(5_000_000, 5_000_000)  # 初始资金$5M-$20Mself.ownership = {"创始人团队": 1.0}self.employees = random.randint(50, 500)def generate_report(self, year: int) -> FinancialReport:"""行业特征财务模型"""industry_params = {Industry.TECH: {'rev_growth': random.uniform(0.3, 0.5),'margin': 0.25,'asset_turnover': 2.0},Industry.FINANCE: {'rev_growth': random.uniform(0.1, 0.2),'margin': 0.15,'asset_turnover': 0.5},Industry.HEALTHCARE: {'rev_growth': random.uniform(0.2, 0.3),'margin': 0.20,'asset_turnover': 1.2},Industry.CONSUMER: {'rev_growth': random.uniform(0.15, 0.25),'margin': 0.10,'asset_turnover': 1.5},Industry.MANUFACTURING: {'rev_growth': random.uniform(0.1, 0.15),'margin': 0.08,'asset_turnover': 0.8}}params = industry_params[self.industry]if self.financials:last_rev = self.financials[-1].revenuerevenue = last_rev * (1 + params['rev_growth'])else:revenue = random.uniform(1e7, 5e7)net_profit = revenue * params['margin']total_assets = (revenue / params['asset_turnover'])report = FinancialReport(year=year,revenue=revenue,net_profit=net_profit,total_assets=total_assets,debt=total_assets * random.uniform(0.1, 0.3))self.cash += net_profitself.financials.append(report)print(f"[{self.name}] {report.display()}")return report# ========== 业务逻辑模块 ==========
class Underwriter:"""承销商类"""def __init__(self, name: str):self.name = nameself.deals_completed = 0def price_ipo(self, company: Company) -> Optional[float]:"""IPO定价模型"""if not company.financials:return Nonelatest = company.financials[-1]industry_multiples = {Industry.TECH: 25,Industry.FINANCE: 12,Industry.HEALTHCARE: 18,Industry.CONSUMER: 15,Industry.MANUFACTURING: 10}return latest.net_profit * industry_multiples.get(company.industry, 10)def execute_ipo(self, company: Company) -> str:"""执行IPO流程"""valuation = self.price_ipo(company)if not valuation:return "IPO失败：无法定价"# 发行25%新股shares_issued = valuation * 0.25fee = shares_issued * 0.07# 更新公司状态company.cash += shares_issuedcompany.is_public = Truecompany.ownership["公众股东"] = 0.25for k in company.ownership:if k != "公众股东":company.ownership[k] *= 0.75self.deals_completed += 1return (f"🏛️ {self.name} 成功承销 {company.name} IPO！\n"f"├─ 发行估值: ${valuation / 1e6:.1f}M\n"f"├─ 募集资金: ${shares_issued / 1e6:.1f}M\n"f"└─ 承销费用: ${fee / 1e6:.1f}M")class VentureCapital:"""风险投资机构"""def __init__(self, name: str, fund_size: float):self.name = nameself.fund = fund_sizeself.portfolio = []def evaluate(self, company: Company) -> float:"""估值模型（风险调整现值法）"""latest = company.financials[-1]discount_rates = {Industry.TECH: 0.4,Industry.FINANCE: 0.3,Industry.HEALTHCARE: 0.35,Industry.CONSUMER: 0.25,Industry.MANUFACTURING: 0.2}growth_rate = 0.2  # 假设行业平均增长率terminal_value = latest.net_profit * (1 + growth_rate) / (discount_rates[company.industry] - growth_rate)return terminal_valuedef invest(self, company: Company, amount: float) -> str:"""分阶段投资逻辑"""pre_val = self.evaluate(company)post_val = pre_val + amountequity = amount / post_valif amount > self.fund:return f"❌ 投资失败：资金不足（可用：${self.fund / 1e6:.1f}M)"# 更新资金和股权self.fund -= amountcompany.cash += amountcompany.ownership[self.name] = equity# 稀释现有股东dilution = 1 - equityfor k in company.ownership:if k != self.name:company.ownership[k] *= dilutionself.portfolio.append(company)return (f"💼 {self.name} 投资 {company.name}\n"f"├─ 投资金额: ${amount / 1e6:.1f}M\n"f"├─ 占股比例: {equity * 100:.1f}%\n"f"└─ 投后估值: ${post_val / 1e6:.1f}M")# ========== 模拟系统模块 ==========
class CapitalSimulator:def __init__(self):self.companies = []self.banks = []self.vcs = []self.year = 2024def add_company(self, name: str, industry: Industry):"""添加公司（行业均衡分布）"""self.companies.append(Company(name, industry))def init_default_entities(self):"""初始化默认实体（公司数量翻倍）"""# 投行self.banks = [Underwriter("高盛"),Underwriter("摩根士丹利"),Underwriter("中信证券")]# 风险投资self.vcs = [VentureCapital("红杉资本", 1e9),VentureCapital("软银愿景", 2e9),VentureCapital("淡马锡", 1.5e9)]# 公司列表（数量增加）companies = [("星海科技", Industry.TECH),("云端医疗", Industry.HEALTHCARE),("智造未来", Industry.MANUFACTURING),("悦享消费", Industry.CONSUMER),("银河金融", Industry.FINANCE),("量子计算", Industry.TECH),("精准医疗", Industry.HEALTHCARE),("绿色制造", Industry.MANUFACTURING)]for name, industry in companies:self.add_company(name, industry)def run_ipo_phase(self):"""IPO阶段模拟"""candidates = [c for c in self.companies if not c.is_public]if not candidates:print("⚠️ 所有公司均已上市")returncompany = random.choice(candidates)underwriter = random.choice(self.banks)print(f"\n[IPO进程] {underwriter.execute_ipo(company)}")def run_vc_phase(self):"""风险投资阶段"""if not self.vcs:returnvc = random.choice(self.vcs)targets = [c for c in self.companies if not c.is_public]if not targets:print("⚠️ 无未上市投资标的")returntarget = random.choice(targets)investment = min(vc.fund * 0.2, 1e8)  # 单笔投资不超过$100Mprint(f"\n[私募市场] {vc.invest(target, investment)}")def run_ma_phase(self):"""并购阶段模拟"""if len(self.companies) < 2:returnacquirer, target = random.sample(self.companies, 2)if acquirer == target:return# 简单协同效应计算synergy = (acquirer.financials[-1].revenue + target.financials[-1].revenue) * 0.15acquirer.cash += target.cashself.companies.remove(target)print(f"\n[并购快讯] {acquirer.name} 收购 {target.name}\n"f"└─ 协同价值: ${synergy / 1e6:.1f}M")def run_year(self):"""年度模拟主循环"""print(f"\n{'=' * 30} {self.year}资本运营框架测试 {'=' * 30}")# 生成年度报告for co in self.companies:co.generate_report(self.year)# 各阶段模拟self.run_ipo_phase()self.run_vc_phase()self.run_ma_phase()self.year += 1# ========== 交互模块 ==========
class InteractiveSimulator(CapitalSimulator):def show_dashboard(self):"""实时数据仪表盘"""print("\n📊 市场全景:")print(f"上市公司: {sum(1 for c in self.companies if c.is_public)}")print(f"私募公司: {len(self.companies) - sum(1 for c in self.companies if c.is_public)}")print(f"活跃投行: {len(self.banks)}")print(f"VC机构: {len(self.vcs)}")def user_invest(self):"""用户投资交互"""targets = [c for c in self.companies if not c.is_public]if not targets:print("⚠️ 当前无可投资公司")returnprint("\n可投资项目:")for i, co in enumerate(targets):print(f"{i + 1}. {co.name} ({co.industry.value})")choice = input("请选择编号（0跳过）: ").strip()if not choice.isdigit():print("⚠️ 输入无效")returnidx = int(choice) - 1if idx < 0 or idx >= len(targets):returntarget = targets[idx]vc = self.vcs[0]  # 假设用户控制第一个VCwhile True:amount = input(f"投资金额（可用: ${vc.fund / 1e6:.1f}M）: ").strip()if not amount:print("⚠️ 跳过投资")returntry:amount = float(amount) * 1e6if 0 < amount <= vc.fund:breakprint(f"金额需在0-{vc.fund / 1e6:.1f}之间")except:print("请输入有效数字")print(f"\n[用户操作] {vc.invest(target, amount)}")def run_year(self):"""带交互的年度运行"""super().run_year()self.show_dashboard()self.user_invest()# ========== 运行示例 ==========
if __name__ == "__main__":sim = InteractiveSimulator()sim.init_default_entities()# 运行10年模拟for _ in range(10):sim.run_year()input("\n按回车继续下一年...")