【web开发】7、Django（2）

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一、部门列表

1.在models.py下

class Department(models.Model):"""部门表"""title =models.CharField(verbose_name="标题",max_length=32)def __str__(self):return self.title

2.在views文件下
def …(request):return(request,’…html’)

def depart_list(request):"""部门类"""# 去数据库中获取所有的部门列表queryset = models.Department.objects.all()return render(request, 'depart_list.html', queryset )

3.depart_list.html文件下

{% extends 'layout.html' %}{% block content %}<div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default" style="margin-top: 20px;"><!-- Default panel contents --><div class="panel-heading"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-th-list" aria-hidden="true"></span>批量上传</div><div class="panel-body"><form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" action="/depart/multi/">{% csrf_token %}<div class="form-group"><input type="file" name="exc"></div><input type="submit" value="上传" class="btn btn-info btn-sm"></form></div><div style="margin-bottom: 10px"></div><div class="panel-heading"><a class="btn btn-success btn-xs " href="/depart/add/"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus" aria-hidden="true"></span>新建部门</a></div><!-- Table --><table class="table"><thead><tr><th>id</th><th>名称</th><th>操作</th></tr></thead><tbody>{% for obj in queryset %}<tr><th scope="row">{{ obj.id }}</th><td>{{ obj.title }}</td><td><a href="/depart/{{ obj.id }}/edit/" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs ">编辑</a><a href="/depart/delete/?nid={{ obj.id }}" class="btn btn-danger btn-xs ">删除</a></td></tr>{% endfor %}</tbody></table></div></div><!-- /.container -->{% endblock %}

二、部门管理（增删改）

注意：两个html文件中都需要{% load static %}
添加部门
1)在urls.py下创建path(‘depart/add/’, views.depart_add),
2)在views.py下创建def depart_add(request)

def depart_add(request):"""添加部门"""if request.method == 'GET':return render(request, 'depart_add.html')# 获取用户POST提交过来的数据title = request.POST.get("title")# 保存到数据库models.Department.objects.create(title=title)# 重定向部门列表return redirect("/depart/list/")

3)templates目录下创建depart_add.html

{% extends 'layout.html' %}
{% block content %}<div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading">新建部门</div><div class="panel-body"><form class="form-horizontal" method="post">{% csrf_token %}<div class="form-group"><label class="col-sm-2 control-label">标题</label><div class="col-sm-10"><input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="标题" name="title"/></div></div><div class="form-group"><div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"><button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">提 交</button></div></div></form></div></div></div>
{% endblock %}

4)在depart_list.html文件下新建部门处链接到depart/add/地址

删除部门
1)在urls.py下创建path(‘depart/delete/’, views.depart_delete),
2)在views.py下创建def depart_delete(request)
删除： href=“/depart/delete/?nid={{ obj.id }}”

def depart_delete(request):"""删除部门"""# 获取idnid = request.GET.get('nid')# 删除models.Department.objects.filter(id=nid).delete()# 跳转（重定向回部门列表）return redirect("/depart/list/")

3)在depart_list.html文件下的删除按钮内

<a href="/depart/delete/?nid={{ obj.id }}"  class="btn btn-danger btn-xs ">删除</a>

编辑部门
1)在urls.py下创建path(‘depart/< int:nid >/edit/’, views.depart_edit),
http://127.0.0.1:8000/depart/int/edit/
编辑： href=“/depart/{{ obj.id }}/edit/”

path('depart/<int:nid>/edit/', views.depart_edit),

2)在views.py下创建def depart_edit(request,nid)

def depart_edit(request, nid):"""编辑部门"""if request.method == "GET":# 根据id获取编辑的数据row_object = models.Department.objects.filter(id=nid).first()print(row_object.id, row_object.title)# 重定向到编辑页面return render(request, "depart_edit.html", {"row_object": row_object})# 用户提交的标题title = request.POST.get("title")# 根据id在数据库中进行更新models.Department.objects.filter(id=nid).update(title=title)# 跳转（重定向回部门列表）return redirect("/depart/list/")

3)vaule表示默认值，在depart_list.html文件下的编辑按钮内
value=“{{ row_object.title }}”

{% extends 'layout.html' %}
{% block content %}<div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading">修改部门</div><div class="panel-body"><form class="form-horizontal" method="post">{% csrf_token %}<div class="form-group"><label class="col-sm-2 control-label">标题</label><div class="col-sm-10"><input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="标题" name="title" value="{{ row_object.title }}"/></div></div><div class="form-group"><div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"><button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">提 交</button></div></div></form></div></div></div>
{% endblock %}

三、用户管理过渡到modelform组件

获取数据

insert into app01_userinfo(name,password,age,account,creat_time,gender,depart_id) values("刘乐","1e4q",42,3321.02,"2010-03-11",2,11);

在models.py文件下

class UserInfo(models.Model):"""员工表"""name =models.CharField(verbose_name="姓名",max_length=32)password =models.CharField(verbose_name="密码",max_length=32)age =models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄")account =models.DecimalField(verbose_name="余额",max_digits=10,decimal_places=2,default=0)creat_time =models.DateField(verbose_name="入职时间")
# 有约束     on_delete=models.CASCADE级联删除depart = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属部门",to="Department",to_field="id",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# 链接部分被删除时置空
# depart = models.ForeignKey(to="Department",to_field="id",null=True,blank=True,on_delete=models.SET_NULL)
# 在django中做的约束gender_choices=((1,"男"),(2,"女"),)gender =models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="性别",choices=gender_choices)

在user_list.html文件下

"""注意：return render(request,"user_list.html", {"queryset": queryset})（双引号、花括号、冒号）"""
<th>{{ obj.id }}</th>
<td>{{ obj.name }}</td>
<td>{{ obj.password }}</td>
<td>{{ obj.age }}</td>
<td>{{ obj.account }}</td>
<td>{{ obj.creat_time|date:"Y-m-d" }}</td>#日期的读取
<td>{{ obj.get_gender_display }}</td>#性别
<td>{{ obj.depart.title }}</td> #关联其他表的读取

在没有利用Django组件：ModelForm组件下

添加用户

def user_add(request):if request.method == "GET":context = {'gender_choices': models.UserInfo.gender_choices,'depart_list': models.Department.objects.all()}return render(request, "user_add.html", context)name = request.POST.get("name")password = request.POST.get("password")age = request.POST.get("age")account = request.POST.get("account")# from django.utils import timezone# creat_time = timezone.now()creat_time = request.POST.get("creat_time")gender = request.POST.get("gender")depart_id = request.POST.get("depart_id")models.UserInfo.objects.create(name=name, password=password, age=age,account=account, creat_time=creat_time,gender=gender, depart_id=depart_id)return redirect("/user/list/")

利用Django组件：ModelForm组件
在views.py文件下

class UserModelForm(forms.ModelForm):# name = forms.CharField(min_length=3, label="用户名")class Meta:model = models.UserInfofields = ["name", "password", "age", "account", "creat_time", "gender", "depart"]# widgets = {#     "name":forms.TextInput(attrs={"class":"col-sm-2 control-label"})# }def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)# 循环找到所有的插件，添加了"class":"form-control"得样式for name, field in self.fields.items():print(name, field)field.widget.attrs = {"class": "form-control", "placeholder": field.label}

添加用户
GET下：form = UserModelForm()
POST下：form = UserModelForm(data=request.POST)

from django import forms
def use_model_form_add(request):"""添加用户"""if request.method == "GET":form = UserModelForm()return render(request, 'user_model_form_add.html', {"form": form})#     用户提交的数据进行校验，如果合法再保存到数据库form = UserModelForm(data=request.POST)if form.is_valid():# print(form.cleaned_data)form.save()return render(request, 'user_model_form_add.html', {"form": form})

html文件中：
< span style=“color: red”>{{ field.errors.0 }}</ span >为提示错误信息
将英文提示改为中文提示信息时需要将settings.py文件中改为
LANGUAGE_CODE = ‘zh-hans’

#settings.py
# LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'

#html
<div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"><label>{{ field.label }}</label>{{ field }}<span style="color: red">{{ field.errors.0 }}</span>
{# <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="年龄" name="age"/>#}
</div>

"编辑用户
GET下：form = UserModelForm(instance=row_object)
POST下：form = UserModelForm(data=request.POST, instance=row_object)

#views.py
from django import forms
def user_edit(request, nid):"""编辑用户"""# 根据id去数据库获取要编辑的那一行数据row_object = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).first()if request.method == "GET":# instance=row_object表示将数据库中获取的那行的每一个值都显示在页面上form = UserModelForm(instance=row_object)return render(request, 'use_edit.html', {"form": form})form = UserModelForm(data=request.POST, instance=row_object)if form.is_valid():form.save()return redirect('/user/list')return render(request, 'user_edit.html', {"form": form})

删除用户

def user_delete(request, nid):"""删除用户"""models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).delete()return redirect('/user/list/')

四、modelform实例：靓号操作

#urls.py
#<int:nid>表明要传递nid这个值到views.py文件中
path('pretty/list/', views.pretty_list),path('pretty/add/', views.pretty_add),path('pretty/<int:nid>/edit/', views.pretty_edit),path('pretty/<int:nid>/delete/', views.pretty_delete),

首先在models.py文件下定义PrettyNum这个类，同时用djando命令生成数据库表（python manage.py makemigrations；python manage.py migrate）数据库下才有app01_prettynum这个数据表

#models.py
class PrettyNum(models.Model):"""靓号表"""mobile = models.CharField(verbose_name="电话", max_length=11)price = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="单价",default=0)level_choices = ((1, "1级"),(2, "2级"),(3, "3级"),(4, "4级"),)level = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="级别", choices=level_choices,default=1)status_choices = ((1, "已占用"),(2, "未占用"),)status = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="状态", choices= status_choices,default=2)

添加靓号

#ModelForm类
from django import forms
from django.core.validators import RegexValidatorclass PrettyModelForm(forms.ModelForm):# 验证：方法1mobile = forms.CharField(label="手机号",# validators=[RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$','数字必须以159开头')],validators=[RegexValidator(r'^1[3-9]\d{9}$', '手机号格式错误')],)class Meta:model = models.PrettyNum# fields = ['mobiles','price','level','status']  一一列举# exclude = ['level']  排除fields = "__all__"def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)# 循环找到所有的插件，添加了"class":"form-control"得样式for name, field in self.fields.items():print(name, field)field.widget.attrs = {"class": "form-control", "placeholder": field.label}# # #  验证：方法2（钩子方法，对用户数据进行验证）
#     def clean_mobile(self):
#         txt_mobile = self.cleaned_data["mobile"]
#         if len(txt_mobile) !=11:
#             raise ValidationError("手机号格式错误")
#         return txt_mobile

#views.py
def pretty_add(request):if request.method == 'GET':form = PrettyModelForm()return render(request, 'pretty_add.html', {"form": form})row_object = models.PrettyNum.objects.create()form = PrettyModelForm(data=request.POST, instance=row_object)if form.is_valid():form.save()return redirect('/pretty/list')return render(request, 'pretty_add.html', {"form": form})

编辑靓号
views.py文件下重新定义PrettyEditModelForm
其中mobile = forms.CharField(disabled=True,label=“手机号”)表示在编辑时“手机号”显示但不可更改

#ModelForm类
from django import formsclass PrettyEditModelForm(forms.ModelForm):mobile = forms.CharField(disabled=True,label="手机号")class Meta:model = models.PrettyNum# fields = ['mobiles','price','level','status']  一一列举# exclude = ['level']  排除fields = "__all__"def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)# 循环找到所有的插件，添加了"class":"form-control"得样式for name, field in self.fields.items():print(name, field)field.widget.attrs = {"class": "form-control", "placeholder": field.label}
"""确保编辑的手机号在原数据中没有重复。编辑对象的id：self.instance.pk"""def clean_mobile(self):#print(self.instance.pk)txt_mobile = self.cleaned_data["mobile"]exists=models.PrettyNum.objects.exclude(id=self.instance.pk).filter(mobile=txt_mobile).exists()if exists:raise ValidationError("手机号已存在")#if len(txt_mobile) !=11:#raise ValidationError("手机号格式错误")return txt_mobile

#views.py
def pretty_edit(request, nid):row_object = models.PrettyNum.objects.filter(id=nid).first()if request.method == 'GET':form = PrettyEditModelForm(instance=row_object)return render(request, 'pretty_edit.html', {"form": form})form = PrettyEditModelForm(data=request.POST, instance=row_object)if form.is_valid():form.save()return redirect('/pretty/list')return render(request, 'pretty_edit.html', {"form": form})

删除靓号

def pretty_delete(request, nid):models.PrettyNum.objects.filter(id=nid).delete()return redirect('/pretty/list/')

搜索靓号
get方式传参？q=
pretty_list.html页面添加一个搜索框：name=“q”,submit提交

<div class="col-lg-3 clearfix" style="float: right;display: block"><form method="get"><div class="input-group"><span class="input-group-btn"><button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span><input type="text" name='q' class="form-control" placeholder="Search for..."value="{{ search_data }}"></div><!-- /input-group --></form>

在靓号列表views.py中添加
data_dict = {}
search_data = request.GET.get(‘q’, “”)
if search_data:
data_dict[“mobile__contains”] = search_data
queryset = models.PrettyNum.objects.filter(**data_dict).order_by(“-level”)

靓号列表

def pretty_list(request):data_dict = {}search_data = request.GET.get('q', "")if search_data:data_dict["mobile__contains"] = search_dataqueryset = models.PrettyNum.objects.filter(**data_dict).order_by("-level")page_object = Pagination(request, queryset)  # 分页context = {"queryset": page_object.page_queryset,"search_data": search_data,  # 分完页的数据"page_string": page_object.html()  # 页码}return render(request, 'pretty_list.html', context)

models.PrettyNum.objects.filter(mobile="1612313223",id=7)
data_lict ={"mobile":"168324145","id":7}
models.PrettyNum.objects.filter(**data_lict)models.PrettyNum.objects.filter(mobile__contains=”1999”)
#对于数字类型：
#filter(id=12)            #等于12
#filter(id__gt=12)        #大于12
#filter(id__gte=12)       #大于等于12
#filter(id__lt=12)        #小于12
#filter(id__lte=12)       #小于等于12
#filter(id=12)
#对于字符串类型：
#filter(mobile=”1999”)
#filter(mobile__startswith=”1999”)         #筛选1999开头
#filter(mobile__endswith=”1999”)
#filter(mobile__contains=”1999”)

五、自定义分页组件

4.分页组件的创建
在appo01目录下创建utils目录，并创建pagination.py文件

"""
自定义分页组件  
"""
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
class Pagination(object):def __init__(self,request,queryset,page_size=10,page_param="page",plus=5):""":param request: 请求对象:param queryset: 符合条件的数据:param page_size: 每页显示多少条数据:param page_param: 在URL中传递的获取分页的参数 例如/pretty/list/?page=4:param plus:显示当前页的前或后几页（页码）"""import copyquery_dict = copy.deepcopy(request.GET)query_dict._mutable = Trueself.query_dict = query_dictpage = request.GET.get(page_param, "1")if page.isdecimal():page=int(page)else:page=1self.page =pageself.page_size=page_sizeself.page_param=page_paramself.start = (page - 1) * page_sizeself.end = page * page_sizeself.page_queryset = queryset[self.start:self.end]total_count = queryset.count()total_page_count, div = divmod(total_count, page_size)if div:total_page_count += 1self.total_page_count =total_page_countself.plus=plusdef html(self):# 计算出显示当前页的的前五页后五页# 数据较少，显示全部页码if self.total_page_count <= 2 * self.plus + 1:start_page = 1end_page = self.total_page_countelse:# 数据较多# 当前页<5if self.page <= self.plus:start_page = 1end_page = 2 * self.plus + 1else:# 当前页>5# 当前页+5>总页面if (self.page + self.plus) > self.total_page_count:start_page = self.total_page_count - 2 * self.plusend_page = self.total_page_countelse:start_page = self.page - self.plusend_page = self.page + self.plus# 页码page_str_list = []self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[1])first = '<li><a  href="?{}">首页</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())page_str_list.append(first)# 上一页if self.page > 1:self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.page-1])prev = '<li><a  href="?{}">《</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())else:prev = '<li><a  href="?{}">《</a></li>'.format(1)page_str_list.append(prev)for i in range(start_page, end_page + 1):self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[i])if i == self.page:ele = '<li class="active"><a  href="?{}">{}</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode(), i)else:ele = '<li><a href="?{}">{}</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode(), i)page_str_list.append(ele)if self.page >= self.total_page_count:self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.page+1])next = '<li><a  href="?{}">》</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())else:self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.total_page_count])next = '<li><a  href="?{}">》</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())page_str_list.append(next)# 尾页self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.total_page_count])end = '<li><a  href="?{}">尾页</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())page_str_list.append(end)search_string = """             <li ><form method="get" style="float: left"><input  type="text" class="form-control" name="page" placeholder="页码" style="width: 80px;position: relative;float: left;display: inline-block;border-radius: 0"><button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">跳转</button></form></li>"""page_str_list.append(search_string)page_string = mark_safe("".join(page_str_list))return page_string

注意：

"""如果以后想要使用这个分页组件，你需要做如下几件事：在视图函数views.py函数中：
def pretty_list(request):#1.根据所需筛选数据queryset = models.PrettyNum.objects.all()
#2.实例化分页对象page_object = Pagination(request,queryset,page_size=2)context ={"queryset": page_object.page_queryset, #分完页的数据"page_string": page_object.html() #生成页码}return render(request, 'pretty_list.html',context)在html页面中<ul class="pagination">{{ page_string }}</ul>
"""

靓号列表（pretty_list）
views.py文件如上,需要提前导入：
from app01.utils.pagination import Pagination
pretty_list.html文件

{% extends 'layout.html' %}{% block content %}<div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default" ><!-- Default panel contents --><div class="panel-heading" ><a class="btn btn-success btn-xs " href="/pretty/add/"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus" aria-hidden="true"></span>添加靓号</a><div class="col-lg-3" style="float: right;display: block;padding-bottom: 5px"><form method="get"><div class="input-group"><span class="input-group-btn"><button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span><input type="text"name='q' class="form-control" placeholder="Search for..."value="{{ search_data }}"></div><!-- /input-group --></form></div></div><!-- Table --><table class="table"><thead><tr><th>id</th><th>电话号</th><th>单价</th><th>级别</th><th>状态</th><th>操作</th></tr></thead><tbody>{% for obj in queryset %}<tr><th scope="row">{{ obj.id }}</th><td>{{ obj.mobile }}</td><td>{{ obj.price }}</td><td>{{ obj.get_level_display }}</td><td>{{ obj.get_status_display }}</td><td><a href="/pretty/{{ obj.id }}/edit/" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs ">编辑</a><a href="/pretty/{{ obj.id }}/delete/" class="btn btn-danger btn-xs ">删除</a></td></tr>{% endfor %}</tbody></table></div><div><nav><ul class="pagination">{{ page_string }}</ul></nav></div></div><!-- /.container -->{% endblock %}

六、datepick时间插件的使用

在layout.html模板文件中引入datepick的js、css

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-datepicker@1.10.0/dist/js/bootstrap-datepicker.min.js"></script>

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-datepicker@1.10.0/dist/js/bootstrap-datepicker.min.js"></script>

1.直接在字段中添加 id=“dt”

<script>$(function (){$('#dt').datepicker({format:"yyyy-mm-dd",startDate:'0',language:"zh-CN.js:6",autoclose:true});})
</script>

2.基于ModelForm

#id_字段名：id_creat_time

<script>$(function (){$('#id_creat_time').datepicker({format:"yyyy-mm-dd",startDate:'0',language:"zh-CN.js:6",autoclose:true});})</script>

七、自定义有Bootstrap样式的ModelForm

在appo01目录下创建utils目录，并创建bootstrap.py文件

from django import formsclass BootstrapModelForm(forms.ModelForm):bootstrap_exclude_fields = ['img']def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)# 循环找到所有的插件，添加了"class":"form-control"得样式for name, field in self.fields.items():if name in self.bootstrap_exclude_fields:continue# 字段中有属性，保留原来的属性，没有属性，才增加if field.widget.attrs:# 有则添加字典值field.widget.attrs["class"] = "form-control"field.widget.attrs["placeholder"] = field.labelelse:field.widget.attrs = {"class": "form-control","placeholder": field.label}

继承BootstrapModelForm，并定义class Meta

class UserEditModelForm(BootstrapModelForm):class Meta:model = models.UserInfofields = ["name", "password", "age"]

注意：需要提前引用

from app01.utils.bootstrap import BootstrapModelForm