SQL多表设计--一对多(外键)

 -- 完成部门和员工的-- 选择当前db03 这个数据库use db03;-- 查看当前选中的数据库select  database();-- 创建员工表create table tb_emp (id int unsigned primary key auto_increment comment 'ID',username varchar(20) not null unique comment '用户名',password varchar(32) default '123456' comment '密码',name varchar(10) not null comment '姓名',gender tinyint unsigned not null comment '性别, 说明: 1 男, 2 女',image varchar(300) comment '图像',job tinyint unsigned comment '职位, 说明: 1 班主任,2 讲师, 3 学工主管, 4 教研主管',entrydate date comment '入职时间',dep_id int unsigned comment  '员工归属的部门',create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间',update_time datetime not null comment '修改时间') comment '员工表';-- 创建部门表create table  tb_dept(id int unsigned primary key  auto_increment comment  'ID',name varchar(10) not null  unique  comment '部门名称',create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间',update_time datetime not null comment '修改时间') comment '部门表';# 部门表为父表 员工表为子表 子表的dept_id和父表的id字段相对应  进行关联-- 插入员工表的数据INSERT INTO tb_emp (id, username, password, name, gender, image, job, entrydate,dep_id,create_time, update_time) VALUES(1, 'jinyong', '123456', '金庸', 1, '1.jpg', 4, '2000-01-01', 1,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:35'),(2, 'zhangwuji', '123456', '张无忌', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2015-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:37'),(3, 'yangxiao', '123456', '杨逍', 1, '3.jpg', 2, '2008-05-01',2 ,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:39'),(4, 'weiyixiao', '123456', '韦一笑', 1, '4.jpg', 2, '2007-01-01',1 ,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:41'),(5, 'changyuchun', '123456', '常遇春', 1, '5.jpg', 2, '2012-12-05',2, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:43'),(6, 'xiaozhao', '123456', '小昭', 2, '6.jpg', 3, '2013-09-05', 1,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:45'),(7, 'jixiaofu', '123456', '纪晓芙', 2, '7.jpg', 1, '2005-08-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:47'),(8, 'zhouzhiruo', '123456', '周芷若', 2, '8.jpg', 1, '2014-11-09',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:49'),(9, 'dingminjun', '123456', '丁敏君', 2, '9.jpg', 1, '2011-03-11', 2,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:51'),(10, 'zhaomin', '123456', '赵敏', 2, '10.jpg', 1, '2013-09-05', 2,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:53'),(11, 'luzhangke', '123456', '鹿杖客', 1, '11.jpg', 2, '2007-02-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:55'),(12, 'hebiweng', '123456', '鹤笔翁', 1, '12.jpg', 2, '2008-08-18', 2,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:57'),(13, 'fangdongbai', '123456', '方东白', 1, '13.jpg', 1, '2012-11-01',2, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:35:59'),(14, 'zhangsanfeng', '123456', '张三丰', 1, '14.jpg', 2, '2002-08-01',1 ,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:01'),(15, 'yulianzhou', '123456', '俞莲舟', 1, '15.jpg', 2, '2011-05-01', 2,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:03'),(16, 'songyuanqiao', '123456', '宋远桥', 1, '16.jpg', 2, '2010-01-01', 1,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:05'),(17, 'chenyouliang', '12345678', '陈友谅', 1, '17.jpg', null, '2015-03-21',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:07'),(18, 'zhang1', '123456', '张一', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2015-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:09'),(19, 'zhang2', '123456', '张二', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2012-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:11'),(20, 'zhang3', '123456', '张三', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2018-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:13'),(21, 'zhang4', '123456', '张四', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2015-01-01',1,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:15'),(22, 'zhang5', '123456', '张五', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2016-01-01',1,'2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:17'),(23, 'zhang6', '123456', '张六', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2012-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:19'),(24, 'zhang7', '123456', '张七', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2006-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:21'),(25, 'zhang8', '123456', '张八', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2002-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:23'),(26, 'zhang9', '123456', '张九', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2011-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:25'),(27, 'zhang10', '123456', '张十', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2004-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:27'),(28, 'zhang11', '123456', '张十一', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2007-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:29'),(29, 'zhang12', '123456', '张十二', 1, '2.jpg', 2, '2020-01-01',1, '2022-10-27 16:35:33', '2022-10-27 16:36:31');-- 插入部门表的数据
insert into  tb_dept (id,name,create_time,update_time) values
(1,'学工部',now(),now()),(2,'教研部',now(),now()),(3,'咨询部',now(),now()),
(4,'就业部',now(),now()),(5,'人事部',now(),now());# 到此为止 这两张表任然是没有任何关联的 相互独立  这就会导致 我们即使删除了父表部门中的id为1的部门  而 子表中的  任然存在
-- 通过外键约束 来进行表之间的关联

设置外键

图形化操作添加:

sql写法添加:

 alter table tb_empadd constraint tb_emp_fk_dept_id foreign key (dept_id) referencestb_dept (id) ;

# 使用foreign key 定义外键关联另一张表
# 缺点:
# 1.影响增删改的效率(需要检查外键的关系)
# 2.仅用于单节点数据库,不适用与分布式,集群场景
# 3.容易引发数据库的死锁问题,消耗性能

在大型项目开发中:推荐使用逻辑外键,使用代码逻辑进行关联