思维训练第五课插入语和主谓一致

系列文章目录

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前言

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一、插入语

插入语通常于句中其他成分没有语法上的关系，多半用逗号于句子隔开，用来表示说话人对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词，一个短语或一个句子

插入语的分类

1、常用作插入语的副词 Indeed的确 certainly 当然 surely 无疑地 however 然而 等

His oral English is very good,indeed.他的英语口语确实很好。
Certainly, I will help you.我当然会帮你了。

2、形容词及词组作插入语

True，it would be too late 真的，太晚了。
Strange to say,she hasn’t got my letter by now 说来奇怪，她到现在还没有收到我的信。

3、常作插入语的介词短语

In short, 简言之of course, 当然in general一般来说 in fact事实上, in other words, 换句话说in a word,总之 in a few words简言之。

China,in fact,is a developing country.事实上，中国是一个发展中国家。
In general,men are stronger than women.一般说来，男人比女人强壮。
In a word,you have to finish your work before noon.总之，你必须在中午前完成工作。

4、常作插入语的分词短语 Strictly speaking严格地说，generally speaking 一般说来 judging from…根据…判断

Generally speaking，most boys like sports.一般说来，大部分男孩喜欢运动。
Judging from his face,he must be over sixty.从他的脸判断，他一定有六十多岁了。

5、常作插入语的不定式短语 So to speak可说是 to be sure 无疑地 to sum up 概括地说 to tell the truth老实说 to be frank坦白说 to be honest坦率地说

To sum up,success results from hard work.概括地说，成功是艰苦的结果。
To tell the truth,I really want to quit my job.老实说，我真的想辞职。
To be honest,you shouldn’t break her heart.坦率地说，你不应该伤了她的心。

6、插入句作插入语 I am sure, 可以肯定地说 I believe 我相信 I think 我想 I suppose 我猜想 that is to say 也就是说 as we know it,据我们所知 as I see it在我看来

He will definitely come to your birthday,I am sure. 我确定，他一定会参加你的生日聚会的。
English,as we know it,is widely used in the world.就我们所知，英语在世界上被广泛使用。
I believe,we will pass the exam next month.我相信，我们下个月会通过考试的。
As I see it,the price of oil will go up again next month.在我看来，下个月油价还会涨。

7、以一般疑问句形式构成的插入句用于特殊疑问句中

Who do you think you are? 你以为你是谁啊？
What do you suggest we should do next?我们下步应该做什么，你有什么建议？

注意，插入句都以一般疑问句的形式出现，插在特殊疑问句之后，特殊疑问句本身的主语，谓语要用陈述句的语序，也就是没有倒装的现象了。

二、主谓一致

主谓一致的定义: 谓语动词必须在人称和数上与主语一致。

1、主谓一致的三原则

在英语中，主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词应该采取的相应形式。这看来似乎很简单，但使用起来常遇到复杂的情况。

一） 语法一致原则

一般来说，语法形式是单数的主语，谓语动词用单数形式；语法形式是复数的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

The number of his admirers was surprising.崇拜他的人的数量是惊人的。
We like the movie very much.我们很喜欢这部电影
The boy has found his toy.男孩已经找到他的玩具了。

二） 意义一致原则

主，谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形态来决定，而是取决于主语所表达的内在含义。如：

The crowd were fighting for their freedom.这些人在为自由而战。
（主语形式虽然是单数，但是意义上却是复数，所以谓语动词应采取复数形式。）
Three years in a strangeland seems like a long time.在异国生活三年，仿佛是很长的时间。
主语形式虽然是复数，但是意义上却是单数，所以谓语动词应采取单数形式。

三） 就近原则

谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数的形式，来决定其自身的数的形式。如：
Not only his children but also he himself wants to go there不仅是孩子们想去，而且他本人也想去那里。
Either my wife or I am going to work there 不是我妻子就是我将去那里工作。
There are two books and a pen on the table桌子上有两本书和一支笔。
There is a pen and two books on the table. 桌子上有一支笔和两本书。

2、主谓一致的14种情况

由于汉语没有主谓一致现象，因此，很多初学者不能正确掌握英语的主谓一致。一般来说，英语的谓语随主语的人称、单复数已经动词的时态语态而变。以下根据中国人学英语的特点，总结英语的主谓一致的14种情况。

🍕1、集体名词class, family, army, committee, population, enemy, , crowd, crew, audience, public , government, majority, group等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待可用单数，如果指各个成员则用复数

His family like sports and games.他全家人都喜欢体育运动。
My family are music lovers.我全家人都是音乐爱好者。
My family is in Guangxi.我家在广西。
The committee is made up of 15 members.委员会由15个成员组成。
The committee are in the hall.委员们都在大厅里面。

🍖2、表示金钱，时间，金额，价格或度量的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)

Two hours is enough for me to finish the task. 两个小时足够我完成这个任务了。
100 dollars is too expensive for this watch.这个手表要100美元，太贵了。
Ten days has passed, there is still no news from him.两天过去了，还没有他的消息。
Four kilometers is not very far.四公里不是很远。

🍔3、each,either,neither或由some,no,any,every构成的合成不定代词作主语时谓语动词用单数

Each of us has watched the film.我们每个人都看过这部电影。
Neither of them is interested in Japanese.他们两人都对日语没有兴趣。
Everything is fine.一切都好。
Someone is waiting for you at the gate.有人在门口等你。
Nobody wants to buy this small house without a bathroom.没有人想买这个没有卫生间的小房子。
Each child has a name每个孩子都有一个名字。

🥩4、由两个对称部分构成的工具类的名词如：compasses (圆规)，scissors (剪刀)，glasses 作主语时，谓语动词用复数

The scissors are so sharp 这剪刀很锋利。
The glasses which I am wearing are for reading. 我戴的眼镜是用来看书的。

注意：这类复数名词前不能直接与one, two, three等连用，但可以和a / one / this / each / pair of, a suit of 等连用，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于pair 等词的单、复数形式。例如：
The trousers are too tight for me.这裤子我穿起来太紧了
This pair of trousers is too tight for me. 这条裤子我穿起来太紧了

🍠5、and 连接的两个单数名词并列作主语时，如果指的是不同的人、事物或概念（这时两个名词前通常都有限定词）谓语动词用复数形式。如果表示同一概念谓语动词要用单数

His idea and mine are quite different.他的想法和我的想法太不相同了。
Tom and Jack are twin brothers.汤姆和杰克是双胞胎兄弟。
The English teacher and the head teacher are both young men.英语老师和班主任都是年轻人。
The singer and dancer is from Guangxi.(singer 和dancer是同一人)这位歌舞演员来自广西。

🌭6、as well as, as much as, rather than, more than和 no less than (与…一样, 不亚于…, 与…差不多) , with, together with, along with, but ,except, like , in addition to, including, besides等引起的短语连接的并列主语, 连接的动词在人称和数方面应和第一个名词或代词保持一致

His parents as well as he are very kind to me.他的父母和他都对我很好。
My family as much as/no less than I are glad to see you.我家人跟我一样很高兴见到你。
I, rather than he, am to blame.是我，而不是他被责备。

🍚7、当一个句子有两个主语，而它们又是由…… or……; either……or……; neither……nor; whether …… or ……; not only……, but also……;not …… but ……; 等连接时，根据就近原则，谓语动词的形式以邻近的主语的数而定

Either you or I am going to do the work.　不是你就是我做这个工作。
Neither his parents nor his teacher is able to persuade him to change his mind.他的父母和老师都不能说服他改变主意。

🌯8、there be /here +be结构中谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致

There is little water left in the cup.杯子里面还剩点水。
There are some peanuts on the plate盘子里有些花生。
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 这有一支笔，一些信封和纸给你

🍵9、none作主语的时候谓语可以用单数或复数

None knows/know about him.没人知道关于他的情况。
None has/have been found in the box.箱子里面什么也没有找到。

🥝10、people,police,cattle 等表示复数概念的名词作主语时谓语用复数

The people in the countryside are friendly and kind.乡下的人们很友好和善良。
The police are looking for the murderer警察正在找这个杀人犯。

🍀11、what，who which any all most more等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数主要由它们所代替的意义决定

如：
在疑问句或者特殊疑问句里面which 是不能加复数的，只要在从句中代替复数概念才能跟复数
What is wrong with you?你怎么了？
There are some books on the desk. what are the names of them?桌子上有些书，书名是什么？如有有前文，what 才能跟 复数形式

The man who is speaking English is our teacher.正在说英语的男人是我们的老师。
The people who are dancing in the park are retired workers.正在公园跳舞的那些人是退休工人。
All of the boys like the basketball star所有的男孩都喜欢这个篮球明星。

🍋12、用“every/ each/ no /many a /a great deal of+单数名词”作主语时谓语动词用单数，而“a great many/a great number of 等+复数名词”作主语时谓语动词用复数

Every man and woman needs to attend the meeting男的，女的都要参加这个会议。
Many a student and teacher is watching the football game.很多学生和老师都在看足球比赛。 Many a student = many students
Each student has a dictionary.每个学生都有一本字典。
A great number of people have increased their income.很多人已经增加了收入。

🍣13、如果主语是不可数名词,动名词,不定式或从句的时候,谓语动词用单数

Smoking is not a good habit. 抽烟不是好习惯。
To get there by bus usually takes an hour.坐公车去那里通常要花一个小时。
What I said is true. 我说的都是真的。

🍼14、“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人的结构作主语的时候谓语动词用复数

The young are required to respect the old 年轻人应该尊重老人。
The injured have been taken to hospital伤员已被送往医院。
The rich are becoming more and more in China.在中国，富人越来越多了。