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【高级程序设计】Week2-4Week3-1 JavaScript

news 2026/2/9 3:34:36

一、Javascript

1. What is JS

定义

A scripting language used for client-side web development.

作用

an implementation of the ECMAScript standard

defines the syntax/characteristics of the language and a basic set of commonly used objects such as Number, Date

supported in browsers supports additional objects(Window, Frame, Form, DOM object)

One Java

Script?

Different brands and/or different versions of browsers may support different implementations of JavaScript.

– They are not fully compatible.

– JScript is the Microsoft version of JavaScript.

2. What can we do with JS

Create an interactive user interface in a webpage (eg. menu, pop-up alerts, windows)

Manipulate web content dynamically

– Change the content and style of an element

– Replace images on a page without page reload

– Hide/Show contents

Generate HTML contents on the fly

Form validation

3. The lanuage and features

Validation	Validating forms before sending to server.
Dynamic writing	Client-side language to manipulate all areas of the browser’s display, whereas servlets and PHPs run on server side.
Dynamic typing	Interpreted language (interpreter in browser): dynamic typing.
Event-handling	Event‐Driven Programming Model: event handlers.
Scope and Functions	Heavyweight regular expression capability
Arrays and Objects	Functional object‐oriented language with prototypical inheritance (class free), which includes concepts of objects, arrays, prototypes

4. Interpreting JS

Commands are interpreted where they are found

– start with tag, then functions in <head> or in separate .js file

– static JavaScript is run before is loaded

– output placed in HTML page

• [document.write() ... dynamic scripting]

• <SCRIPT> tags inside <BODY>

二、 Validation

<HTML><HEAD><SCRIPT><!--验证表单数据-->function validate(){if (document.forms[0].elements[0].value==“”) {alert(“please enter your email”);<!--alert弹出一个警告框，提示用户输入他们的电子邮件地址-->return false;}return true;}</SCRIPT></HEAD><!--FORM定义了一个表单--><!--method="get"：使用GET方法来发送表单数据，将数据附加到URL的查询字符串中--><!--action="someURL"：表单数据发送到的目标URL--><!--onSubmit="return validate()"：在提交表单时调用函数"validate()"进行验证--><!--如果验证函数返回false，则表单不会被提交--><BODY><FORM method=“get” action=“someURL” onSubmit=“return validate()”><!--文本输入框使用<input>标签创建--><!--type="text"：输入框的类型为文本，这个名称将在提交表单时用于标识输入框的值-->       <!--name="email"：输入框的名称为"email"--><!--placeholder=""：显示在输入框内的占位符文本，提示用户输入电子邮件地址--><input type=text name=“email”>enter your email<br><!--提交按钮使用<input>标签创建--><!--type="submit"：指定按钮的类型为提交按钮-->       <!--value="send"：按钮上显示的文本为"send"--><!--用户在文本输入框中输入完电子邮件地址并点击提交按钮时，表单将被提交，并调用函数"validate()"进行验证--><input type=submit value=“send”></FORM></BODY>
</HTML><html><head><script>var greeting=“Hello”;</script></head><body><script><!-- document.write()将带有 magenta 颜色的 "Hello" 和 "world!" 输出到页面中--><!--向页面写入一个 <font> 标签，并设置字体颜色为 magenta-->document.write(“<FONT COLOR=‘magenta’>”);<!--输出换行符 <br> 和文字 "world!"。通过 </FONT> 关闭之前打开的 <font> 标签-->document.write(greeting);document.write(“<br>world!</FONT>”);</script></body>
</html><HTML><HEAD>
<!--type="text/javascript"是 <script> 属性之一，指定嵌入的脚本语言类型，此处为 JavaScript--><SCRIPT type="text/javascript">function updateOrder() {const cakePrice = 1;var noCakes = document.getElementById("cake").value;document.getElementById("total").value = "£" + cakePrice*noCakes;}function placeOrder(form){ form.submit(); }</SCRIPT></HEAD><BODY><FORM method="get" action="someURL"><H3>Cakes Cost £1 each</H3><input type=text name="cakeNo" id="cake"onchange="updateOrder()">enter no. cakes<br><input type=text name="total" id="total">Total Price<br><input type=button value="send" onClick="placeOrder(this.form)"></FORM></BODY>
</HTML>

三、 Dynamic Typing

1. Type is defined by literal value you assign to it

2. Implicit conversion between types

"string1"+"string2" = "string1string2"   //string的拼接

10 + "string2"="10string2"                   //将int类型的10，转换成string

true + "string2" = "truestring2" //将Boolean类型转换为string

.123 + "string2" = ".123string2"           //将float类型转换为string

10 + .123 = 10.123                             //将int转换为float，进行数值加减

true + .123 = 1.123    //将Boolean类型转换为float，进行数值加减

false + 10 = 10                                   //将Boolean类型转换为int，进行数值加减

false + true = 1                                   //进行逻辑运算

a = 1; b = “20”;

c = a + b;//"120"

c = b + a;//"201"

// prefers numeric conversion with minus (and prefers string conversion with +).

c = a + (b-0);//21

// The empty string, forcing conversion into a string

c = a + “”;//"1"

x = 7; y = 4;

sum = x + y;//11

document.writeln(“x + y = ” + sum + “”);        //11

document.writeln(“x + y = ” + x+y + “”); //74

document.writeln(“x + y = ” + (x+y) + “”);       //括号中的表达式被当作数值相加运算，11

3. Quotes within strings&writeln

Quotes within strings	document.write(“He said, \"That’s mine\" ”);
	document.write(‘She said, "No it\'s not" ');
	• Beware of splitting over lines
writeln()-new lines （avoid-not expected）	writeln： adds a return character after the text string
	<br>：get a line break on the page
	using headers:document.write(“<H1>Top level header”<H1>);
	document.write(‘<br>’): get a line break

4. Comparison Operators

== and != do	perform type conversion before comparison “5”==5 is true
=== and !==	do not perform type conversion “5”===5 is false
	const cakePrice = 1; const bunPrice = 0.5; var noCakes = document.getElementById("cake").value; var noBuns = document.getElementById("bun").value; document.getElementById("count").value = noCakes + noBuns; document.getElementById("total").value = "£" + cakePricenoCakes + bunPricenoBuns;

5. Explicit Conversion Functions

eval()	takes a string parameter and evaluates it
eval()	x = eval(“123.3567”); //123.3567 eval(“x=1; y=2; x+y”); //1+2
parseInt()	returns the first integer in a string; if no integer returns NaN.
parseInt()	parseInt(“xyz”) //returns NaN parseInt(“123xyz”) //returns 123 as an integer
parseFloat()	parseFloat(“123.45xyz”) returns 123.45
isNaN()	returns true if input is not a number
isNaN()	isNaN(“4”) //returns false isNaN(4) //returns false isNaN(parseInt(“4”)) //returns false isNaN(parseInt(“four”)) //returns true
Concatenation issue with using +: implicit string conversion	parseInt(“99”) //99 parseInt(99) //99 parseInt(“99 red balloons”) //99 字符串以 "0" 开头且后面紧跟着数字字符，则被假定为八进制。字符串"099"以 "0" 开头，因此`parseInt()`函数会将基数视为八进制。然而，数字 9 在八进制中是无效的，因此解析过程会停止，并返回十进制的结果，即99。 – This may affect code where trying to, e.g. parse dates and times.

<HTML><HEAD><SCRIPT type="text/javascript">function updateOrder() {const cakePrice = 1;const bunPrice = 0.5;var noCakes = document.getElementById("cake").value;var noBuns = document.getElementById("bun").value;document.getElementById("count").value = parseInt(noCakes, 10)+parseInt(noBuns, 10);document.getElementById("total").value = "£" + (cakePrice*noCakes + bunPrice*noBuns);}function placeOrder(form) { form.submit(); }</SCRIPT></HEAD><BODY><FORM method="get" action="someURL"><H3>Cakes Cost £1 each; Buns 50p each</H3><input type=text name="cakeNo" id="cake" onchange="updateOrder()">enter no. cakes<br><input type=text name="bunNo" id="bun" onchange="updateOrder()">enter no. buns<br><input type=text name="count" id="count">number of units<br><input type=text name="total" id="total">Total Price<br><input type=button value="send" onClick="placeOrder(this.form)"></FORM></BODY>
</HTML>

四、Event-handling

1. Event-Diven Programming

Event-Diven Programming	Web browser generates an event whenever anything ‘interesting’ occurs.
Event-Diven Programming	registers an event handler
event handlers	<input type=text name=“phone” ___>enter phone no.
	focus event … onfocus event handler
	blur event … onblur event handler
	change event … onchange event handler
	user types a char … onkeyup event handler
event handlers as HTML element attributes	<input type=“button” value=“push” onclick=validate()> – Calls validate() function defined in <head> . – Case insensitive (HTML): onClick=validate() . – Can then force form to submit , e.g. document.forms[0].submit();
event handlers as HTML element attributes	Main version used in course examples: <form action=“someURL” onSubmit=“return validate()”> // textboxes <input type=“submit” value=“send”> // If onSubmit=validate() [ omit ‘ return ’], this will still send the user input to the server side even if it fails the validation.

2. Feedback (Forms and JavaScript, Event Handling)

write the HTML: user guidance, 2 textboxes, button (not ‘submit’)	– name the elements <form name = “form1”> Name <input type = “text” name = “usrname”/><br> Email <input type = “text” name = “usremail”/><br> <input type = “button” value = “Send”/> </form>
getting the button	<input type = “submit” value = “Send”/>
Where and How to write JavaScript functions	function validate() { if (window.document.forms[0].usrname.value =="") window.alert(“Please enter name:”); }
Global window object	<SCRIPT type="text/javascript" src="bun_validator.js"> </SCRIPT>

3. Dynamic Writing

Document Object Model & Empty String	• API for HTML and XML documents: -Provides structural representation of a document , so its content and visual presentation can be modified. -Connects web pages to scripts or programming languages. • Navigating to elements and accessing user input: textboxes , textareas ...
Document Object Model & Empty String	<form name = “form1”> Name <input type=“text” name=“usrname”/> <br> Email <input type=“text” name=“usremail”/> <br> <input type=“button” onClick=“validate()” value=“Send”/> </form>
focus() and modifying the value	document.getElementById(“usrname").focus(); d = document.getElementById(“usrname"); if (d.value == “”) d.value = “Please input!”;
Modifying the HTML page to notify	Name <input type=“text” name=“usrname”/> <br> <p id=“name”></p> <font colour=“red”> function validate() { var d = window.document.forms[0]; if (d.usrname.value == “”) window.document.getElementById(“name”).innerHTML = “Enter”; }


<html><head><script type=“text/javascript”>function validate() {if (document.forms[0].usrname.value==“”) {alert(“please enter name”);document.forms[0].usrname.focus();document.forms[0].usrname.value=“please enter name”;document.getElementById(“a”).innerHTML=“please enter name above”;} }</script></head><body><font face=“arial”><h1>Please enter details</h1><form>Name   <input type=“text” name=“usrname”> <br><font color=“red”> <p id="a"> </p></font><font face=“arial”>Email   <input type=“text” name=“email”> <br><br><input type=“button” value=“Send” onclick=“validate()”></form></body>
</html>

五、 Arrays and Objects

1. Strings & Intervals

Useful string functions for validation	if (ph.charAt(i)>=‘A’ && ph.charAt(i) <= ‘Z’) // character at index i of this variable if (ph.length < 9) // the length of this variable if (ph.substring(0, 1) == ‘,’) // substring, could first iterate through user input to extract all non-digits, then use substring to extract area code. if (ph.indexOf('@') == 0) // index of character (charAt ) , emails never start with @
setInterval()	<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>DHTML Event Model - ONLOAD</TITLE> <SCRIPT> var seconds = 0; function startTimer() { window.setInterval(“updateTime()”, 1000 ); } function updateTime() { seconds++; soFar.innerText = seconds; } </SCRIPT> </HEAD> <BODY ONLOAD = "startTimer()"> <P>Seconds you have spent viewing this page so far: <A ID = “soFar” STYLE = “font-weight: bold”> 0 </A></P>//文本连接 </BODY> </HTML>
Handling Delays	setTimeout()	delay before execution
	setInterval()	interval between execution
	clearInterval()
	clearTimeout()
	setTimeout(myFunc(), 1)	delay 1 ms
	setTimeout(myFunc(),1000)	delay 1 second
	myVar = setInterval(myFunc(), 1000)
	myVar = setInterval(myFunc(), 1000)

2. JavaScript and Functions

JavaScript functions are objects	can be stored in objects, arrays and variables
	can be passed as arguments or provided as return values
	can have methods (= function stored as property of an object)
	can be invoked
call a function	(Local call) directly: var x = square(4);
call a function	(Callback) in response to something happening: called by the browser, not by developer’s code: events; page update function in Ajax

3. Arrays and Objects

Array Literal	list = [“K”, “J”, “S”]; var list = [“K”, 4, “S”]; // mixed array var emptyList = [];	var myArray = new Array(length); // array constructor employee = new Array(3); employee[0] = “K”; employee[1] = “J”; employee[2] = “S”; document.write(employee[0]);
Array Literal	new Object() / /A new blank object with no properties or methods. employee = new Object(); employee[0] = “K”;	var a = new Array(); new Array(value0, value1, ...); employee = new Array(“K”, “J”, “S”); document.write(employee[0]);
Sparse Arrays	new Array(); // Length is 0 initially; automatically extends when new elements are initialised.	employee = new Array(); employee[5] = “J”; // length: 6 employee[100] = “R”; //l ength : 101
Sparse Arrays	length is found as employee.length No array bounds errors.
Associative array or object	A = new Object(); A["red"] = 127; A["green"] = 255; A["blue"] = 64; A = new Object(); A.red = 127; A.green = 255; A.blue = 64;	<html> <body> <script> var a = [];//object var b = new Array();//object var c = new Object();//object document.write(typeof(a) + " a<br>"); document.write(typeof(b) + " b<br>"); document.write(typeof(c) + " c"); </script> </body> </html>

4. Scope and local functions

html><head><title>Functions </title>
<script>y = 6;function square(x) {var y = x*x; // if didn’t include var, then y is the global yreturn y;}
</script></head>
<body>
<script>document.write(“The square of ” + y + “ is ”);//36document.write(square(y));document.write(“<P>y is ” + y);//6
</script>
</body></html>

JavaScript and Scope	C‐like languages have block scope：declare at first point of use
	JavaScript has function scope：variables defined within a function are visible everywhere in the function
	declare at the start/top of the function body.
	Inner functions can access actual parameters and variables (not copies) of their outer functions.

六、Cookies

作用	allow you to store information between browser sessions, and you can set their expiry date
默认	browser session
包含	A name-value pair containing the actual data.
	An expiry date after which it is no longer valid.
	The domain and path of the server it should be sent to.
Storing a cookie in a JavaScript program	document.cookie = “version=” + 4; document.cookie = “version=” + encodeURIComponent(document.lastModified);
	• Stores the name-value pair for the browser session. • A cookie name cannot include semicolons,commas, or whitespace – Hence the use of encodeURIComponent(value) . – Must remember to decodeURIComponent() when reading the saved cookie.
	document.cookie = "version=" + encodeURIComponent(document.lastModified) + *" ; max-age=" + (606024365);**
	• only the name-value pair is stored in the name-value list associated with document.cookie . • Attributes are stored by the system.

//A Cookie to remember the number of visits
<html><head><title>How many times have you been here before?</title><script type="text/javascript">expireDate = new Date();expireDate.setMonth(expireDate.getMonth()+6);hitCt = parseInt(cookieVal("pageHit"));hitCt++;document.cookie= "pageHit=" + hitCt + ";expires=" + expireDate.toGMTString();function cookieVal(cookieName) {thisCookie = document.cookie.split("; ");for (i=0; i<thisCookie.length; i++) {if (cookieName == thisCookie[i].split("=")[0])return thisCookie[i].split("=")[1];}return 0;}</script></head><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><h2><script language="Javascript" type="text/javascript">document.write("You have visited this page " + hitCt + " times.");</script></h2></body>
</html>

七、PROBLEMS WITH USER INPUT

1. A Cautionary Tale: SQL Statements

Enter phone number to retrieve address

– ' ||'a'='a

– No validation

Name=value pair, PhoneNumber=‘||’a’=‘a, passed to server

Server side: access/update database information using SQL statements.

• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE phone=‘parameter’

– SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE phone=‘02078825555’

– SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE phone=‘asdsdaEN3’

– SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE phone=‘ ’||’a’=‘a ’

• i.e. SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE phone=‘’ OR ‘a’=‘a’

2. Further Examples of Event Handling

Buttons	submitting to, e.g. CGI: <INPUT TYPE=“submit” value=“Send”>
	onClick: <INPUT TYPE=“button” onClick=“doFunc()”>
Text Boxes	<INPUT TYPE=“text” onFocus=“typeText()” onBlur=“typeNothing()”>
When the document is first loaded	<BODY οnlοad=doSomething()> or (inside <script> tags): window.οnlοad=“doSomething”

//First set up array containing help text 
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Forms</TITLE><SCRIPT>var helpArray = [“Enter your name in this input box.”,“Enter your email address in this input box, \in the format user@domain.”,“Check this box if you liked our site.”,“In this box, enter any comments you would \like us to read.”,“This button submits the form to the \server-side script”,“This button clears the form”,“This TEXTAREA provides context-sensitive help. \Click on any input field or use the TAB key to \get more information about the input field.”];function helpText(messageNum) {document.myForm.helpBox.value = helpArray[messageNum];}function formSubmit() {window.event.returnValue = false;if (confirm(“Are you sure you want to submit?”))window.event.returnValue = true;// so in this case it now performs the action}function formReset() {window.event.returnValue = false;if (confirm(“Are you sure you want to reset?”))window.event.returnValue = true;}</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
<BODY><FORM NAME = “myForm” ONSUBMIT = “formSubmit()”ACTION=http://localhost/cgi-bin/mycgi ONRESET = “return formReset()”>Name: <INPUT TYPE = “text” NAME = “name” ONFOCUS = “helpText(0)” ONBLUR = “helpText(6)”><BR>Email: <INPUT TYPE = “text” NAME = “email” ONFOCUS = “helpText(1)” ONBLUR = “helpText(6)”><BR>Click here if you like this site<INPUT TYPE = “checkbox” NAME = “like” ONFOCUS = “helpText(2)” ONBLUR = “helpText(6)”><BR>Any comments?<BR><TEXTAREA NAME = “comments” ROWS = 5 COLS = 45 ONFOCUS = “helpText(3)” ONBLUR = “helpText(6)”></TEXTAREA><BR><INPUT TYPE = “submit” VALUE = “Submit” ONFOCUS = “helpText(4)” ONBLUR = “helpText(6)”><INPUT TYPE = “reset” VALUE = “Reset” ONFOCUS = “helpText(5)” ONBLUR = “helpText(6)”><TEXTAREA NAME = “helpBox” STYLE = “position: absolute; right:0; top: 0” ROWS = 4 COLS = 45>This TEXTAREA provides context-sensitive help. Click on any input field or use the TAB key to get more information about the input field.</TEXTAREA></FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>

//Element objects & ONLOAD
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Object Model</TITLE><SCRIPT>function start() {alert(pText.innerText);pText.innerText = “Thanks for coming.”;}</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
<BODY ONLOAD = “start()”><P ID = “pText”>Welcome to our Web page!</P>//Changes when alert box is clicked.//pText.innerText or document.getElementById(“pText”).innerHTML
</BODY>
</HTML>//More inner text – from Microsoft (Altering Text)
<P ID=oPara>Here's the text that will change.</P>
<BUTTON onclick=“oPara.innerText=‘WOW! It changed!’”>Change text</BUTTON>
<BUTTON onclick=“oPara.innerText=‘And back again’”>Reset</BUTTON>