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Linux(Centos 7.6)软件包安装

news 2025/11/8 20:56:47

Linux软件安装，常见的有三种方式，rpm方式、yum方式、源码编译安装方式。其中rpm方式可能存在依赖方式，可能会比较麻烦；源码编译安装同样可能会缺少一些编译需要的软件需要安装，也会比较麻烦；相对比较好的方式是yum方式，只要源仓库软件包齐全，安装时，缺少的依赖，会自动进行安装，简单方便。推荐使用yum方式。

注：除以上三种方式外，也有其他的一些安装方式，比如有一些应用软件，解压安装包后，里面可能有install的shell脚本或者python脚本，执行这些脚本进行安装。

1.rpm方式安装

1.1.rpm软件包下载上传

1.双击iso文件，使用DVD驱动器加载iso文件，Packages目录下找httpd的软件包。

注：也可以去网络上找对应Linux系统版本的rpm包

2.左上角的搜索框，填写httpd-搜索，找到httpd-后紧接版本号的文件，鼠标选中推出到本地。

3.通过SFTP协议工具(如Xftp)上传httpd软件包，上传到Downloads目录。

[root@localhost ~]# cd Downloads/
[root@localhost Downloads]# ll
total 2780
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2844028 Dec 24 16:18 httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost Downloads]#

1.2.rpm方式安装软件包

1.rpm方式安装软件包，可能会出现如下情况，错误信息提示：Failed dependencies(错误的依赖)，代表安装httpd需要提前安装httpd-tools、libapr-1.so.0相关的软件包、libaprutil-1.so.0相关软件包。

注：这里需要注意，httpd-tools是明确直到缺少什么软件包，可以去镜像或者网络上下载；但是下面两个提示有一些是无法确认具体缺什么，只能找apr相关的软件包，安装后再安装httpd服务，软件包的查找、下载、上传、安装、确认等步骤都很麻烦。像这类软件依赖多的情况，建议使用yum方式安装。

[root@localhost Downloads]# rpm -ivh httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm 
error: Failed dependencies:/etc/mime.types is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64httpd-tools = 2.4.6-88.el7.centos is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64

2.部分简单的软件是可以直接使用rpm方式安装的；如free软件包，上传free软件包，直接使用rpm -ivh 软件包文件的名称即可安装，提示already installed即安装完成。

rpm -ivh中，i代表install(安装)，v代表verbose(详细信息)，h代表hash(打印散列标记)

[root@localhost Downloads]# ll
total 2828
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2844028 Dec 24 16:18 httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   47508 Dec 24 16:39 tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost Downloads]# rpm -ivh tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm 
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]package tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 is already installed
[root@localhost Downloads]# rpm -qa | grep tree
tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost Downloads]#

2.yum方式安装

2.1.yum源配置

yum详细的配置步骤见Linux(Centos 7.6)yum源配置

2.2.yum源方式安装软件包

yum方式安装，直接执行yum install 软件包名称(不是文件名称，不带版本号)；安装过程可以看到具体还需要安装哪些依赖的软件包(依赖软件包包括apr、apr-util、httpd-tools、mailcap)，最后看到Complete!提示即安装完成。

[root@localhost Downloads]# yum install httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 for package: httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7 will be installed
---> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7_9.1 will be installed
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 will be installed
---> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved===============================================================================================================Package                  Arch                Version                               Repository            Size
===============================================================================================================
Installing:httpd                    x86_64              2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1                 updates              2.7 M
Installing for dependencies:apr                      x86_64              1.4.8-7.el7                           base                 104 kapr-util                 x86_64              1.5.2-6.el7_9.1                       updates               92 khttpd-tools              x86_64              2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1                 updates               94 kmailcap                  noarch              2.1.41-2.el7                          base                  31 kTransaction Summary
===============================================================================================================
Install  1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)Total download size: 3.0 M
Installed size: 10 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
(1/5): apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7_9.1.x86_64.rpm                                              |  92 kB  00:00:04     
(2/5): apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                       | 104 kB  00:00:04     
(3/5): httpd-tools-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm                                     |  94 kB  00:00:00     
(4/5): httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm                                           | 2.7 MB  00:00:06     
(5/5): mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm                                                  |  31 kB  00:00:04     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                          311 kB/s | 3.0 MB  00:00:09     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transactionInstalling : apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64                                                                      1/5 Installing : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7_9.1.x86_64                                                             2/5 Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64                                                    3/5 Installing : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch                                                                 4/5 Installing : httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64                                                          5/5 Verifying  : httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64                                                          1/5 Verifying  : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch                                                                 2/5 Verifying  : apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64                                                                      3/5 Verifying  : httpd-tools-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64                                                    4/5 Verifying  : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7_9.1.x86_64                                                             5/5 Installed:httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1                                                                         Dependency Installed:apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7       apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7_9.1  httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 Complete!
[root@localhost Downloads]# rpm -qa | grep httpd
httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
httpd-tools-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64

3.源码编译安装

3.1.httpd软件卸载

注：以下卸载方法，谨慎卸载ssh相关的软件包，卸载ssh相关的软件包可能导致远程ssh不能访问，然后必须去机房服务器上去恢复ssh服务(很麻烦)。

1.httpd软件包卸载可以使用rpm -e 软件包名称，-e代表erase(擦除软件)。

[root@localhost Downloads]# rpm -e httpd
[root@localhost Downloads]# rpm -qa | grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
[root@localhost Downloads]#

2.httpd软件包卸载也可以使用yum remove 软件包名称。

[root@localhost Downloads]# yum remove httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved===============================================================================================================Package              Arch                  Version                              Repository               Size
===============================================================================================================
Removing:httpd                x86_64                2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1                @updates                9.4 MTransaction Summary
===============================================================================================================
Remove  1 PackageInstalled size: 9.4 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transactionErasing    : httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64                                                          1/1 Verifying  : httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64                                                          1/1 Removed:httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1                                                                         Complete!
[root@localhost Downloads]# rpm -qa | grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
[root@localhost Downloads]#

3.2.httpd源码下载

1.下载地址：Index of /httpd，双击软件包名称进行下载。

2.如果linux(Centos 7.6)可以连接外网，可以直接使用wget进行下载。

[root@localhost Downloads]# wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/httpd/httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz
--2024-12-24 16:52:14--  https://dlcdn.apache.org/httpd/httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz
Resolving dlcdn.apache.org (dlcdn.apache.org)... 151.101.2.132, 2a04:4e42::644
Connecting to dlcdn.apache.org (dlcdn.apache.org)|151.101.2.132|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 9872432 (9.4M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz’100%[=====================================================================>] 9,872,432    971KB/s   in 11s    2024-12-24 16:52:30 (898 KB/s) - ‘httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz’ saved [9872432/9872432][root@localhost Downloads]# ll httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz 
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9872432 Jul 18 01:48 httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz

3.3.httpd源码安装

3.3.1.解压安装包

tar.gz后缀的压缩包代表gzip压缩格式的压缩包，解压命令为tar，gzip压缩方式对应解压参数是z，x代表解压，v代表详细信息，f后跟压缩文件。解压后可以看到httpd-2.4.62的目录。

[root@localhost Downloads]# tar -zxvf httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz 
httpd-2.4.62/
httpd-2.4.62/acinclude.m4
httpd-2.4.62/README.cmake
httpd-2.4.62/INSTALL
httpd-2.4.62/CMakeLists.txt
httpd-2.4.62/LICENSE
... ...
[root@localhost Downloads]# ll
total 12476
drwxr-xr-x. 13  501 games    4096 Jul 15 20:12 httpd-2.4.62
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  9872432 Jul 18 01:48 httpd-2.4.62.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  2844028 Dec 24 16:18 httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root    47508 Dec 24 16:39 tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost Downloads]#

3.3.2.源码安装

3.3.2.1.安装说明

进入解压目录，查看INSTALL文件，即可了解如何进行软件的编译、安装、启动服务。

./configure --prefix=PREFIX：是配置检查，执行该脚本主要是检查环境是否符合要求，也可以定义一些功能，如--prefix=PREFIX部分可以写为--prefix=/usr/local/httpd，以此定义httpd服务安装在/usr/lical/httpd目录。

[root@localhost Downloads]# cd httpd-2.4.62/
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# cat INSTALL APACHE INSTALLATION OVERVIEWQuick Start - Unix------------------For complete installation documentation, see [ht]docs/manual/install.html orhttp://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/install.html$ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX$ make$ make install$ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start
... ...

3.3.2.2.源码编译安装前检查

1.创建安装目录，执行编译安装前检查命令。

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# mkdir /usr/local/httpd
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# 
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd
checking for chosen layout... Apache
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
configure: 
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime library...
configure: 
checking for APR... no
configure: error: APR not found.  Please read the documentation.
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# rpm -qa | grep apr
apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7_9.1.x86_64
apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64

2.检查报错，提示APR没发现，但是apr相关的已经安装，处理方式是下载apr源码文件到httpd源码目录。

下载地址：Download - The Apache Portable Runtime Project，网站内查看，鼠标右键查看下载链接，然后wget下载或者下载后上传Linux服务器。

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# cd ..
[root@localhost Downloads]# wget https://dlcdn.apache.org//apr/apr-1.7.5.tar.gz
--2024-12-24 17:34:46--  https://dlcdn.apache.org//apr/apr-1.7.5.tar.gz
Resolving dlcdn.apache.org (dlcdn.apache.org)... 151.101.2.132, 2a04:4e42::644
Connecting to dlcdn.apache.org (dlcdn.apache.org)|151.101.2.132|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1131871 (1.1M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘apr-1.7.5.tar.gz’100%[=====================================================================>] 1,131,871    725KB/s   in 1.5s   2024-12-24 17:34:53 (725 KB/s) - ‘apr-1.7.5.tar.gz’ saved [1131871/1131871][root@localhost Downloads]# wget https://dlcdn.apache.org//apr/apr-util-1.6.3.tar.gz
--2024-12-24 17:35:02--  https://dlcdn.apache.org//apr/apr-util-1.6.3.tar.gz
Resolving dlcdn.apache.org (dlcdn.apache.org)... 151.101.2.132, 2a04:4e42::644
Connecting to dlcdn.apache.org (dlcdn.apache.org)|151.101.2.132|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 556623 (544K) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘apr-util-1.6.3.tar.gz’100%[=====================================================================>] 556,623      224KB/s   in 2.4s   2024-12-24 17:35:10 (224 KB/s) - ‘apr-util-1.6.3.tar.gz’ saved [556623/556623][root@localhost Downloads]#

解压安装包，修改解压后的目录名称(去掉版本号信息)，最后移动到http源码的srclib目录下。

[root@localhost Downloads]# tar -zxf apr-1.7.5.tar.gz 
[root@localhost Downloads]# tar -zxf apr-util-1.6.3.tar.gz  
[root@localhost Downloads]# mv apr-1.7.5 apr
[root@localhost Downloads]# mv apr-util-1.6.3 apr-util
[root@localhost Downloads]# mv apr httpd-2.4.62/srclib/
[root@localhost Downloads]# mv apr-util httpd-2.4.62/srclib/

3.再次源码编译安装前检查。提示缺少pcre，查看有pcre，还需要pcre-devel，yum安装pcre-devel。

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd --with-include-apr
... ...
configure: error: pcre(2)-config for libpcre not found. PCRE is required and available from http://pcre.org/
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# 
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# rpm -qa | grep pcre
pcre2-utf16-10.23-2.el7.x86_64
pcre2-10.23-2.el7.x86_64
pcre-8.32-17.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# yum install pcre-devel
... ...
Installed:pcre-devel.x86_64 0:8.32-17.el7                                                                              Complete!
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#

4.再次源码编译安装前检查，最后信息如下，没有报错信息，表示成功。

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd --with-include-apr
... ...
config.status: executing default commands
configure: summary of build options:Server Version: 2.4.62Install prefix: /usr/local/httpdC compiler:     gcc -std=gnu11CFLAGS:          -g -O2 -pthread  CPPFLAGS:        -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE  LDFLAGS:           LIBS:             C preprocessor: gcc -std=gnu11 -E[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#

3.3.2.3.make编译

1.httpd-2.4.62目录下执行make进行编译。

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# make
... ...
xml/apr_xml.c:35:19: fatal error: expat.h: No such file or directory#include <expat.h>^
compilation terminated.
make[3]: *** [xml/apr_xml.lo] Error 1
make[3]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/srclib/apr-util'
make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/srclib/apr-util'
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/srclib'
make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#

2.提示在 #include <expat.h>右下角的箭头，检查发现有expat，还需要expat-devel，使用yum安装。

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# rpm -qa | grep expat
expat-2.1.0-10.el7_3.x86_64
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# yum install expat-devel
... ...
Installed:expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.0-15.el7_9                                                                          Dependency Updated:expat.x86_64 0:2.1.0-15.el7_9                                                                                Complete!
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#

3.再次执行make编译，执行最后信息如下，没有报错信息，则表示成功。

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# make
... ...
/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/srclib/apr/libtool --silent --mode=link gcc -std=gnu11  -g -O2 -pthread           -o mod_rewrite.la -rpath /usr/local/httpd/modules -module -avoid-version  mod_rewrite.lo 
make[4]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/modules/mappers'
make[3]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/modules/mappers'
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/modules'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/support'
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62/support'make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62'
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#

3.3.2.4.make install编译安装

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# make install
... ...
Installing man pages and online manual
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/man
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/man/man1
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/man/man8
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/manual
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Downloads/httpd-2.4.62'
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#

3.3.3.服务和验证

1.服务启动

[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# /usr/local/httpd/bin/apachectl start
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# 
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# hostnamectl set-hostname node2
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# 
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]# /usr/local/httpd/bin/apachectl start
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::6d79:37d0:2840:d17f%ens33. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
httpd (pid 119463) already running
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.62]#

2.服务启动验证，网页访问IP地址信息如下

如果无法访问，检查防火墙是否关闭，关闭命令systemctl stop firewalld.service。