JEL分类号

JEL分类系统，是美国经济学会“经济文献杂志”(《经济文献杂志》)所创立的对经济学文献的主题分类系统，并被现代西方经济学界广泛采用。

该分类方法主要采用开头的一个英文字母与随后的两位阿拉伯数字一起对经济学各部类进行“辞书式”编码分类。

https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php?view=jel

以下为详细版本：

A    General Economics and Teaching

A1  General Economics

       A10       General

       A11       Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists

       A12       Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

       A13       Relation of Economics to Social Values

       A14       Sociology of Economics

       A19       Other

A2  Economic Education and Teaching of Economics

       A20 General

       A21 Pre-college

       A22 Undergraduate

       A23 Graduate

       A29 Other

A3  Collective Works

       A30 General

       A31 Collected Writings of Individuals

       A32 Collective Volumes

       A33 Handbooks

       A39 Other

B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

       B00 General

B1  History of Economic Thought through 1925

       B10 General

       B11 Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)

       B12 Classical (includes Adam Smith)

       B13 Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)

       B14 Socialist • Marxist

       B15 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary

       B16 Quantitative and Mathematical

       B17 International Trade and Finance

       B19 Other

B2  History of Economic Thought since 1925

       B20 General

       B21 Microeconomics

       B22 Macroeconomics    

       B23 Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies

       B24 Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian

       B25 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School

       B26 Financial Economics

       B27 International Trade and Finance

       B29 Other

B3  History of Economic Thought: Individuals

       B30 General

       B31 Individuals

       B32 Obituaries

B4  Economic Methodology

       B40 General

       B41 Economic Methodology

       B49 Other

B5  Current Heterodox Approaches

       B50 General

       B51 Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian

       B52 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Modern Monetary Theory

       B53 Austrian

       B54 Feminist Economics

       B55 Social Economics

       B59 Other

C. Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

       C00 General

       C01 Econometrics

       C02 Mathematical Methods

C1  Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

       C10 General

       C11 Bayesian Analysis: General

       C12 Hypothesis Testing: General

       C13 Estimation: General

       C14 Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General

       C15 Statistical Simulation Methods: General

       C18 Methodological Issues: General

       C19 Other

C2  Single Equation Models • Single Variables    

       C20 General

       C21 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions

       C22 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes

       C23 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models

       C24 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models

       C25 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities

       C26 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation

       C29 Other

C3  Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables

       C30 General

       C31 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models

       C32 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models

       C33 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models

       C34 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models

       C35 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions

       C36 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation

       C38 Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models

       C39 Other

C4  Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

       C40 General

       C41 Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies

       C43 Index Numbers and Aggregation

       C44 Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory

       C45 Neural Networks and Related Topics

       C46 Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics

       C49 Other

C5  Econometric Modeling

       C50 General

       C51 Model Construction and Estimation

       C52 Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection

       C53 Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods

       C54 Quantitative Policy Modeling

       C55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis    

       C57 Econometrics of Games and Auctions

       C58 Financial Econometrics

       C59 Other

C6  Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

       C60 General

       C61 Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis

       C62 Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium

       C63 Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling

       C65 Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools

       C67 Input–Output Models

       C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models

       C69 Other

C7  Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

       C70 General

       C71 Cooperative Games

       C72 Noncooperative Games

       C73 Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games

       C78 Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory

       C79 Other

C8  Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs

       C80 General

       C81 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access

       C82 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access

       C83 Survey Methods • Sampling Methods

       C87 Econometric Software

       C88 Other Computer Software

       C89 Other

C9  Design of Experiments

       C90 General

       C91 Laboratory, Individual Behavior

       C92 Laboratory, Group Behavior

       C93 Field Experiments

       C99 Other

D. Microeconomics  

       D00 General

       D01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

       D02 Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

       D04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation

D1  Household Behavior and Family Economics

       D10 General

       D11 Consumer Economics: Theory

       D12 Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

       D13 Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation

       D14 Household Saving • Personal Finance

       D15 Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving

       D16 Collaborative Consumption

       D18 Consumer Protection

       D19 Other

D2  Production and Organizations

       D20 General

       D21 Firm Behavior: Theory

       D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

       D23 Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights

       D24 Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity

       D25 Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing

       D26 Crowd-Based Firms

       D29 Other

D3  Distribution

       D30 General

       D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

       D33 Factor Income Distribution

       D39 Other

D4  Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

       D40 General

       D41 Perfect Competition

       D42 Monopoly

       D43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

       D44 Auctions

       D45 Rationing • Licensing

       D46 Value Theory

       D47 Market Design

       D49 Other  

D5  General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

       D50 General

       D51 Exchange and Production Economies

       D52 Incomplete Markets

       D53 Financial Markets

       D57 Input–Output Tables and Analysis

       D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models

       D59 Other

D6  Welfare Economics

       D60 General

       D61 Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis

       D62 Externalities

       D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

       D64 Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers

       D69 Other

D7  Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

       D70 General

       D71 Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations

       D72 Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

       D73 Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption

       D74 Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions

       D78 Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

       D79 Other

D8  Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

       D80 General

       D81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

       D82 Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design

       D83 Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness

       D84 Expectations • Speculations

       D85 Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

       D86 Economics of Contract: Theory

       D87 Neuroeconomics

       D89 Other

D9  Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

       D90 General

       D91 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

E. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

       E00 General

       E01 Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts

       E02 Institutions and the Macroeconomy

E1  General Aggregative Models

       E10 General

       E11 Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian

       E12 Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian • Modern Monetary Theory

       E13 Neoclassical

       E14 Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional

       E16 Social Accounting Matrix

       E17 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

       E19 Other

E2  Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

       E20 General

       E21 Consumption • Saving • Wealth

       E22 Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity

       E23 Production

       E24 Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity

       E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution

       E26 Informal Economy • Underground Economy

       E27 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

       E29 Other

E3  Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

       E30 General

       E31 Price Level • Inflation • Deflation

       E32 Business Fluctuations • Cycles

       E37 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

       E39 Other

E4  Money and Interest Rates

       E40 General

       E41 Demand for Money

       E42 Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems

       E43 Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects    

       E44 Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy

       E47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

       E49 Other

E5  Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

       E50 General

       E51 Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers

       E52 Monetary Policy

       E58 Central Banks and Their Policies

       E59 Other

E6  Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

       E60 General

       E61 Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination

       E62 Fiscal Policy • Modern Monetary Theory

       E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy

       E64 Incomes Policy • Price Policy

       E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes

       E66 General Outlook and Conditions

       E69 Other

E7  Macro-Based Behavioral Economics

       E70 General

       E71 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy     

F. International Economics

       F00 General

       F01 Global Outlook

       F02 International Economic Order and Integration

F1  Trade

       F10 General

       F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade

       F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation

       F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations

       F14 Empirical Studies of Trade

       F15 Economic Integration

       F16 Trade and Labor Market Interactions    

       F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation

       F18 Trade and Environment

       F19 Other

F2  International Factor Movements and International Business

       F20 General

       F21 International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements

       F22 International Migration

       F23 Multinational Firms • International Business

       F24 Remittances

       F29 Other

F3  International Finance

       F30 General

       F31 Foreign Exchange

       F32 Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements

       F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

       F34 International Lending and Debt Problems

       F35 Foreign Aid

       F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

       F37 International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

       F38 International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls

       F39 Other

F4  Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

       F40 General

       F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics

       F42 International Policy Coordination and Transmission

       F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies

       F44 International Business Cycles

       F45 Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions

       F47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

       F49 Other

F5  International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

       F50 General

       F51 International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions

       F52 National Security • Economic Nationalism

       F53 International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations

       F54 Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism

       F55 International Institutional Arrangements

       F59 Other

F6  Economic Impacts of Globalization    

       F60 General

       F61 Microeconomic Impacts

       F62 Macroeconomic Impacts

       F63 Economic Development

       F64 Environment

       F65 Finance

       F66 Labor

       F68 Policy

       F69 Other

G. Financial Economics

       G00 General

       G01 Financial Crises

G1  General Financial Markets

       G10 General

       G11 Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions

       G12 Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates

       G13 Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing

       G14 Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading

       G15 International Financial Markets

       G17 Financial Forecasting and Simulation

       G18 Government Policy and Regulation

       G19 Other

G2  Financial Institutions and Services

       G20 General

       G21 Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages

       G22 Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies

       G23 Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors

       G24 Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies

       G28 Government Policy and Regulation

       G29 Other

G3  Corporate Finance and Governance

       G30 General

       G31 Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity

       G32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill

       G33 Bankruptcy • Liquidation    

       G34 Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance

       G35 Payout Policy

       G38 Government Policy and Regulation

       G39 Other

G4  Behavioral Finance

       G40 General

       G41 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets

G5  Household Finance

       G50 General

       G51 Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth

       G52 Insurance

       G53 Financial Literacy

       G59 Other

H. Public Economics

       H00 General

H1  Structure and Scope of Government

       H10 General

       H11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

       H12 Crisis Management

       H13 Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization

       H19 Other

H2  Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

       H20 General

       H21 Efficiency • Optimal Taxation

       H22 Incidence

       H23 Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

       H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies

       H25 Business Taxes and Subsidies

       H26 Tax Evasion and Avoidance

       H27 Other Sources of Revenue

       H29 Other

H3  Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

       H30 General

       H31 Household

       H32 Firm    

       H39 Other

H4  Publicly Provided Goods

       H40 General

       H41 Public Goods

       H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods

       H43 Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate

       H44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets

       H49 Other

H5  National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

       H50 General

       H51 Government Expenditures and Health

       H52 Government Expenditures and Education

       H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

       H54 Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

       H55 Social Security and Public Pensions

       H56 National Security and War

       H57 Procurement

       H59 Other

H6  National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

       H60 General

       H61 Budget • Budget Systems

       H62 Deficit • Surplus

       H63 Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt

       H68 Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt

       H69 Other

H7  State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations

       H70 General

       H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

       H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures

       H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects

       H74 State and Local Borrowing

       H75 State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions

       H76 State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories

       H77 Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession

       H79 Other

H8  Miscellaneous Issues

       H80 General

       H81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts

       H82 Governmental Property    

       H83 Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits

       H84 Disaster Aid

       H87 International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods

       H89 Other

I. Health, Education, and Welfare

       I00  General

I1    Health

       I10  General

       I11  Analysis of Health Care Markets

       I12  Health Behavior

       I13  Health Insurance, Public and Private

       I14  Health and Inequality

       I15  Health and Economic Development

       I18  Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health

       I19  Other

I2    Education and Research Institutions

       I20  General

       I21  Analysis of Education

       I22  Educational Finance • Financial Aid

       I23  Higher Education • Research Institutions

       I24  Education and Inequality

       I25  Education and Economic Development

       I26  Returns to Education

       I28  Government Policy

       I29  Other

I3    Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

       I30  General

       I31  General Welfare, Well-Being

       I32  Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

       I38  Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

       I39  Other   

J. Labor and Demographic Economics

       J00 General

       J01 Labor Economics: General

       J08 Labor Economics Policies    

J1   Demographic Economics

       J10 General

       J11 Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

       J12 Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse

       J13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth

       J14 Economics of the Elderly • Economics of Disability • Non-Labor Market Discrimination

       J15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination

       J16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination

       J17 Value of Life • Forgone Income

       J18 Public Policy

       J19 Other

J2   Demand and Supply of Labor

       J20 General

       J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

       J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply

       J23 Labor Demand

       J24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity

       J26 Retirement • Retirement Policies

       J28 Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy

       J29 Other

J3   Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

       J30 General

       J31 Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials

       J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions

       J33 Compensation Packages • Payment Methods

       J38 Public Policy

       J39 Other

J4   Particular Labor Markets

       J40 General

       J41 Labor Contracts

       J42 Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets

       J43 Agricultural Labor Markets

       J44 Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing

       J45 Public Sector Labor Markets

       J46 Informal Labor Markets

       J47 Coercive Labor Markets

       J48 Public Policy

       J49 Other    

J5   Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

       J50 General

       J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

       J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining

       J53 Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence

       J54 Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership

       J58 Public Policy

       J59 Other

J6   Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

       J60 General

       J61 Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers

       J62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

       J63 Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs

       J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

       J65 Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings

       J68 Public Policy

       J69 Other

J7   Labor Discrimination

       J70 General

       J71 Discrimination

       J78 Public Policy

       J79 Other

J8   Labor Standards: National and International

       J80 General

       J81 Working Conditions

       J82 Labor Force Composition

       J83 Workers' Rights

       J88 Public Policy

       J89 Other

K. Law and Economics

       K00 General

K1  Basic Areas of Law

       K10 General

       K11 Property Law

       K12 Contract Law    

       K13 Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics

       K14 Criminal Law

       K15 Civil Law • Common Law

       K16 Election Law

       K19 Other

K2  Regulation and Business Law

       K20 General

       K21 Antitrust Law

       K22 Business and Securities Law

       K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

       K24 Cyber Law

       K25 Real Estate Law

       K29 Other

K3  Other Substantive Areas of Law

       K30 General

       K31 Labor Law

       K32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

       K33 International Law

       K34 Tax Law

       K35 Personal Bankruptcy Law

       K36 Family and Personal Law

       K37 Immigration Law

       K38 Human Rights Law • Gender Law • Animal Rights Law

       K39 Other

K4  Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

       K40 General

       K41 Litigation Process

       K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

       K49 Other

L. Industrial Organization

       L00 General

L1  Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

       L10 General

       L11 Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms

       L12 Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies

       L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

       L14 Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks    

       L15 Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility

       L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices

       L17 Open Source Products and Markets

       L19 Other

L2  Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

       L20 General

       L21 Business Objectives of the Firm

       L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure

       L23 Organization of Production

       L24 Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing

       L25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

       L26 Entrepreneurship

       L29 Other

L3  Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

       L30 General

       L31 Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship

       L32 Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises

       L33 Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out

       L38 Public Policy

       L39 Other

L4  Antitrust Issues and Policies

       L40 General

       L41 Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices

       L42 Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts

       L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation

       L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations

       L49 Other

L5  Regulation and Industrial Policy

       L50 General

       L51 Economics of Regulation

       L52 Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods

       L53 Enterprise Policy

       L59 Other

L6  Industry Studies: Manufacturing

       L60 General

       L61 Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics    

       L62 Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment

       L63 Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment

       L64 Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments

       L65 Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics

       L66 Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits

       L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment

       L68 Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables

       L69 Other

L7  Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

       L70 General

       L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels

       L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources

       L73 Forest Products

       L74 Construction

       L78 Government Policy

       L79 Other

L8  Industry Studies: Services

       L80 General

       L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce

       L82 Entertainment • Media

       L83 Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism

       L84 Personal, Professional, and Business Services

       L85 Real Estate Services

       L86 Information and Internet Services • Computer Software

       L87 Postal and Delivery Services

       L88 Government Policy

       L89 Other

L9  Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

       L90 General

       L91 Transportation: General

       L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation

       L93 Air Transportation

       L94 Electric Utilities

       L95 Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities

       L96 Telecommunications

       L97 Utilities: General

       L98 Government Policy

       L99 Other   

M. Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics

       M00       General

M1 Business Administration

       M10       General

       M11       Production Management

       M12       Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation

       M13       New Firms • Startups

       M14       Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility

       M15       IT Management

       M16       International Business Administration

       M19       Other

M2 Business Economics

       M20       General

       M21       Business Economics

       M29       Other

M3 Marketing and Advertising

       M30       General

       M31       Marketing

       M37       Advertising

       M38       Government Policy and Regulation

       M39       Other

M4 Accounting and Auditing

       M40       General

       M41       Accounting

       M42       Auditing

       M48       Government Policy and Regulation

       M49       Other

M5 Personnel Economics

       M50       General

       M51       Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions

       M52       Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects

       M53       Training

       M54       Labor Management

       M55       Labor Contracting Devices

       M59       Other

N. Economic History

       N00 General

       N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

N1  Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations

       N10 General, International, or Comparative

       N11 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N12 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N13 Europe: Pre-1913

       N14 Europe: 1913–

       N15 Asia including Middle East

       N16 Latin America • Caribbean

       N17 Africa • Oceania

N2  Financial Markets and Institutions

       N20 General, International, or Comparative

       N21 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N22 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N23 Europe: Pre-1913

       N24 Europe: 1913–

       N25 Asia including Middle East

       N26 Latin America • Caribbean

       N27 Africa • Oceania

N3  Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

       N30 General, International, or Comparative

       N31 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N32 U.S. • Canada: 1913-

       N33 Europe: Pre-1913

       N34 Europe: 1913-

       N35 Asia including Middle East

       N36 Latin America • Caribbean

       N37 Africa • Oceania

N4  Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation

       N40 General, International, or Comparative

       N41 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N42 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N43 Europe: Pre-1913

       N44 Europe: 1913–    

       N45 Asia including Middle East

       N46 Latin America • Caribbean

       N47 Africa • Oceania

N5  Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

       N50 General, International, or Comparative

       N51 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N52 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N53 Europe: Pre-1913

       N54 Europe: 1913–

       N55 Asia including Middle East

       N56 Latin America • Caribbean

       N57 Africa • Oceania

N6  Manufacturing and Construction

       N60 General, International, or Comparative

       N61 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N62 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N63 Europe: Pre-1913

       N64 Europe: 1913–

       N65 Asia including Middle East

       N66 Latin America • Caribbean

       N67 Africa • Oceania

N7  Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

       N70 General, International, or Comparative

       N71 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N72 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N73 Europe: Pre-1913

       N74 Europe: 1913–

       N75 Asia including Middle East

       N76 Latin America • Caribbean

       N77 Africa • Oceania

N8  Micro-Business History

       N80 General, International, or Comparative

       N81 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N82 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N83 Europe: Pre-1913

       N84 Europe: 1913–

       N85 Asia including Middle East

       N86 Latin America • Caribbean

       N87 Africa • Oceania

N9  Regional and Urban History

       N90 General, International, or Comparative

       N91 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913

       N92 U.S. • Canada: 1913–

       N93 Europe: Pre-1913

       N94 Europe: 1913–

       N95 Asia including Middle East

       N96 Latin America • Caribbean

       N97 Africa • Oceania

O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1  Economic Development

       O10 General

       O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

       O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

       O13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products

       O14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology

       O15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration

       O16 Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance

       O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements

       O18 Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure

       O19 International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations

O2  Development Planning and Policy

       O20 General

       O21 Planning Models • Planning Policy

       O22 Project Analysis

       O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development

       O24 Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy

       O25 Industrial Policy

       O29 Other

O3  Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights

       O30 General

       O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

       O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D    

       O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes

       O34 Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

       O35 Social Innovation

       O36 Open Innovation

       O38 Government Policy

       O39 Other

O4  Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

       O40 General

       O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models

       O42 Monetary Growth Models

       O43 Institutions and Growth

       O44 Environment and Growth

       O47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence

       O49 Other

O5  Economywide Country Studies

       O50 General

       O51 U.S. • Canada

       O52 Europe

       O53 Asia including Middle East

       O54 Latin America • Caribbean

       O55 Africa

       O56 Oceania

       O57 Comparative Studies of Countries

P. Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems

       P00 General

P1  Capitalist Economies

       P10 General

       P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform

       P12 Capitalist Enterprises

       P13 Cooperative Enterprises

       P14 Property Rights

       P16 Capitalist Institutions • Welfare State

       P17 Performance and Prospects

       P18 Energy • Environment

       P19 Other

P2  Socialist and Transition Economies    

       P20 General

       P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform

       P22 Prices

       P23 Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population

       P24 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation

       P25 Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics

       P26 Property Rights

       P27 Performance and Prospects

       P28 Natural Resources • Energy • Environment

       P29 Other

P3  Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

       P30 General

       P31 Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions

       P32 Collectives • Communes • Agriculture

       P33 International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid

       P34 Financial Economics

       P35 Public Economics

       P36 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty

       P37 Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior

       P39 Other

P4  Other Economic Systems

       P40 General

       P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform

       P42 Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population

       P43 Public Economics • Financial Economics

       P44 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation

       P45 International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid

       P46 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty

       P47 Performance and Prospects

       P48 Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies

       P49 Other

P5  Comparative Economic Systems

       P50 General

       P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems

       P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies

       P59 Other     

Q. Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics

       Q00 General

       Q01 Sustainable Development

       Q02 Commodity Markets

Q1  Agriculture

       Q10 General

       Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices

       Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

       Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness

       Q14 Agricultural Finance

       Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment

       Q16 R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services

       Q17 Agriculture in International Trade

       Q18 Agricultural Policy • Food Policy • Animal Welfare Policy

       Q19 Other

Q2  Renewable Resources and Conservation

       Q20 General

       Q21 Demand and Supply • Prices

       Q22 Fishery • Aquaculture

       Q23 Forestry

       Q24 Land

       Q25 Water

       Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources

       Q27 Issues in International Trade

       Q28 Government Policy

       Q29 Other

Q3  Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

       Q30 General

       Q31 Demand and Supply • Prices

       Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development

       Q33 Resource Booms

       Q34 Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts

       Q35 Hydrocarbon Resources

       Q37 Issues in International Trade

       Q38 Government Policy

       Q39 Other

Q4  Energy    

       Q40 General

       Q41 Demand and Supply • Prices

       Q42 Alternative Energy Sources

       Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy

       Q47 Energy Forecasting

       Q48 Government Policy

       Q49 Other

Q5  Environmental Economics

       Q50 General

       Q51 Valuation of Environmental Effects

       Q52 Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects

       Q53 Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling

       Q54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming

       Q55 Technological Innovation

       Q56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth

       Q57 Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology

       Q58 Government Policy

       Q59 Other

R. Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

       R00 General

R1  General Regional Economics

       R10 General

       R11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

       R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

       R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies

       R14 Land Use Patterns

       R15 Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models

       R19 Other

R2  Household Analysis

       R20 General

       R21 Housing Demand

       R22 Other Demand    

       R23 Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics

       R28 Government Policy

       R29 Other

R3  Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

       R30 General

       R31 Housing Supply and Markets

       R32 Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis

       R33 Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets

       R38 Government Policy

       R39 Other

R4  Transportation Economics

       R40 General

       R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise

       R42 Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning

       R48 Government Pricing and Policy

       R49 Other

R5  Regional Government Analysis

       R50 General

       R51 Finance in Urban and Rural Economies

       R52 Land Use and Other Regulations

       R53 Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock

       R58 Regional Development Planning and Policy

       R59 Other

Y. Miscellaneous Categories

Y1  Data: Tables and Charts

       Y10 Data: Tables and Charts

Y2  Introductory Material

       Y20 Introductory Material

Y3  Book Reviews (unclassified)

       Y30 Book Reviews (unclassified)

Y4  Dissertations (unclassified)

       Y40 Dissertations (unclassified)    

Y5  Further Reading (unclassified)

       Y50 Further Reading (unclassified)

Y6  Excerpts

       Y60 Excerpts

Y7  No Author General Discussions

       Y70 No Author General Discussions

Y8  Related Disciplines

       Y80 Related Disciplines

Y9  Other

       Y90 Other

       Y91 Pictures and Maps

       Y92 Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.

Z. Other Special Topics

       Z00 General

Z1  Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology

       Z10 General

       Z11 Economics of the Arts and Literature

       Z12 Religion

       Z13 Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification

       Z18 Public Policy

       Z19 Other

Z2  Sports Economics

       Z20 General

       Z21 Industry Studies

       Z22 Labor Issues

       Z23 Finance

       Z28 Policy

       Z29 Other

Z3  Tourism Economics

       Z30 General

       Z31 Industry Studies

       Z32 Tourism and Development    

       Z33 Marketing and Finance

       Z38 Policy

       Z39 Other