fpga开发--蜂鸣器发出连续不同的音调

描述

使用fpga蜂鸣器连续发出do，re，mi，fa，so，la，xi七个不同的音调，每个音调的持续时间为0.5s。

思路

采用状态机实现音调的转化，当do状态持续了0.5s之后转移到re状态，以此类推...采用0.5s的时间flag信号控制状态机的转变。因为不同的音调有不同的频率，所以在每个时钟周期内需要发出不同频率的方波，采用计数器控制占空比，在每个状态下需要设置不同的频率计数器最大值，采用状态机控制计数器的频率最大值。

细节

设置输入clk，rst，输出beep

内部寄存器cnt_time 计数0.5s时间间隔，标志信号time_flag 每当计数0.5s拉高一个周期，当flag拉高时，状态寄存器状态改变

状态机采用三段式编写

设置内部寄存器cnt_wave，记录不同的频率最大值，设置变量wave_num为不同频率的最大值。

代码

module music
#(parameter time_max = 25'd24999999,parameter dowave = 17'd95419,parameter rewave = 17'd85033,parameter miwave = 17'd75756,parameter fawave = 17'd71632,parameter sowave = 17'd63774,parameter lawave = 17'd56817,parameter xiwave = 17'd50606)
(input wire clk,
input wire rst,
output reg beep);parameter Do = 3'd0,Re = 3'd1,Mi= 3'd2,Fa = 3'd3,So=3'd4,La=3'd5,Xi=3'd6;
reg [24:0] cnt_time ;
reg [2:0] state,next_state;
reg  		time_flag;
reg [16:0] cnt_wave;
reg [16:0] wave_max;//产生时钟信号
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst)
beginif(rst == 1'd0)cnt_time <= 25'd0;else if (cnt_time == time_max)cnt_time <=25'd0;elsecnt_time <=cnt_time+25'd1;
endalways@(posedge clk or negedge rst)
beginif(rst == 1'd0)time_flag <= 1'd0;else if(cnt_time == (time_max -1))time_flag <=1'd1;else time_flag<=1'd0;
end//七个音调状态
always@(posedge time_flag or negedge rst)
beginif(rst == 1'd0)state <= Do;else state <= next_state;
endalways@(*)
beginif(rst == 1'd0)next_state = Do;else begincase (state)Do: next_state = Re;Re: next_state = Mi;Mi: next_state = Fa;Fa: next_state = So;So: next_state = La;La: next_state = Xi;Xi: next_state = Do;default: next_state=Do;endcaseend
end//产生不同的方波
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst)
beginif(rst == 1'd0)cnt_wave <= 17'd0;else if((cnt_wave == wave_max)|| time_flag == 1'd1)cnt_wave <= 17'd0;else cnt_wave <=cnt_wave +17'd1;endalways@(posedge clk or negedge rst)
beginif(rst ==1'd0)beep <=1'd0;else if(cnt_wave == wave_max)beep <=~beep;else beep <=beep;
end//选择不同的方波计数值
always@(posedge clk )
begincase (next_state)Do: wave_max <= dowave;Re: wave_max <= rewave;Mi: wave_max <= miwave;Fa: wave_max <= fawave;So: wave_max <= sowave;La: wave_max <= lawave;Xi: wave_max <= xiwave;default: wave_max <= dowave;endcase
endendmodule

测试代码：

`timescale 1ns/1ns
`include"music.v"module top();reg clk;
reg rst;
wire beep;initial
beginrst = 1'b0;clk = 1'b0;#15rst = 1'b1;
endalways #10 clk=~clk;music 
#(.time_max (25'd50),.dowave (17'd39),.rewave (17'd29),.miwave (17'd21),.fawave (17'd15),.sowave (17'd10),.lawave (17'd8),.xiwave (17'd4))
m1(clk,rst,beep);endmodule

仿真波形 

 

 错误：

状态变化时采用了时序逻辑，应该用组合逻辑，

cnt_time 计数器无法清零，清零条件应改为计数器计数到最大值或者时间等于0.5s时清零，若只有计数器计数到最大值清零，那么只会在第一个频率内有beep波形