ncurse编程指南

0. 介绍

linux下的图形库

1. Hello, Ncurse

在屏幕左上角打印Hello, World

#include <ncurse.h>int main()
{initscr(); // 初始化屏幕,默认stdscrprintw("Hello World");// 与printf相似但是打印到虚拟窗口stdscrrefresh();// 需要刷新才能显示到屏幕上getch(); // 等待用户输入endwin(); // 关闭窗口return 0;
}

2. 初始化函数

2.1 raw() 和 cbreak()

都是关闭行缓冲，两者的区别是raw不会产生信号(CTRL+C CTRL +Ｚ)。

2.2 echo()和noecho()

输入的内容是否回显

2.3 keypad()

开启功能按键，F1、F2、方向键等。
用法：

keypad(stdscr, TRUE)

2.4 halfdelay()

延迟等待多少秒，若没反应则返回一个ERR。

2.5 初始化样例

#include <ncurses.h>
int main()
{ int ch;initscr();raw(); keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* 获取功能按钮 */noecho(); /* 不回显 */printw("Type any character to see it in bold\n");ch = getch();if(ch == KEY_F(1)) /* 按下F1键 */printw("F1 Key pressed");else{ 	printw("The pressed key is ");attron(A_BOLD); // 加粗printw("%c", ch);attroff(A_BOLD);}refresh(); /*虚拟屏幕打印到实际屏幕 */getch(); endwin(); return 0;
}

3. 命名规范

ncurse中w前缀的都是指定窗口，带mv的都是移动到(x,y)进行操作。

比如

printw(string);// 在stdscr当前位置打印字符串mvprintw(y, x, string);/* 到（y,x）处打印字符串*/wprintw(win, string); /* 在窗口win上打印字符串*/mvwprintw(win, y, x, string); /* 移动到win窗口的(y,x)位置打印字符串*/

4. 输出函数

4.1 addch()类函数

输出单个字符，移动游标。
还有

mvaddch(row, col, c)
waddch(win, c)
mvwaddch(win, row, col, c)

字符有颜色、加粗等属性。可以通过两种方式添加

1. 字符或属性值
   addch(ch |　A_BOLD | A_UNDERLINE)
2. 属性设置函数
   attron() attroff() attrset()后面介绍

4.2 printw()类函数

输出字符串，与printf类似。

printw(str)
wprintw(win, str);
mvwprintw(y,x,win,str)
vwprintw() => vprintf()

4.3 addstr()类函数

给指定窗口输出字符串

addstr()
mvaddstr()
....

4.4 注意

这些函数都是(y,x)， 首先传入纵轴，再是横轴。

4.5 输出函数例子

getmaxyx()是获取窗口大小的函数。

#include <ncurses.h>
#include <string.h> 
int main()
{char mesg[]="Just a string"; int row,col;initscr(); getmaxyx(stdscr,row,col); /* 获取屏幕的大小 */mvprintw(row/2,(col−strlen(mesg))/2,"%s",mesg);/*在屏幕中央打印字符串 */mvprintw(row−2,0,"This screen has %d rows and %d columns\n",row,col);printw("Try resizing your window(if possible) and then run this program again");refresh();getch();endwin();return 0;
}

5. 输入函数

5.1 getch()

输入单个函数。cbreak()关闭行缓冲，noecho()关闭回显。

5.2 scanw()

与sscanf类似，通过wgetstr获取的行来进行扫描。

scanw()
wscanw()
mvwscanw()
vwscanw() => vscanf()

5.3 getstr()

获取一个字符串

5.4 输入例子

#include <ncurses.h> /* ncurses.h includes stdio.h */ 
#include <string.h> 
int main()
{char mesg[]="Enter a string: "; char str[80];int row,col; initscr(); getmaxyx(stdscr,row,col);mvprintw(row/2,(col−strlen(mesg))/2,"%s",mesg);getstr(str);// 获取字符串mvprintw(LINES − 2, 0, "You Entered: %s", str);getch();endwin();return 0;
}

6. 属性

6.1 属性使用例子

getyx()获取游标当前位置
move移动游标

读取.c文件，加粗注释。

#include <ncurses.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ int ch, prev, row, col;prev = EOF;FILE *fp;int y, x;if(argc != 2){printf("Usage: %s <a c file name>\n", argv[0]);exit(1);}fp = fopen(argv[1], "r");if(fp == NULL){perror("Cannot open input file");exit(1);}initscr(); getmaxyx(stdscr, row, col); while((ch = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) {getyx(stdscr, y, x); if(y == (row − 1)) {printw("<−Press Any Key−>"); getch();clear(); /*清屏*/move(0, 0); /*回到开头*/}if(prev == '/' && ch == '*') /*确定注释开始*/ {attron(A_BOLD); /* 加粗 */getyx(stdscr, y, x); /* 获取当前位置 */move(y, x − 1); /* 回退*/printw("%c%c", '/', ch); /* 输出 */}elseprintw("%c", ch);refresh();if(prev == '*' && ch == '/')attroff(A_BOLD); /* 关闭加粗选项*/prev = ch;}
endwin();fclose(fp);return 0;
}

6.2 属性值

在头文件里面， 使用
attron(A_REVERSE |　A_BOLD)

#define WA_ATTRIBUTES	A_ATTRIBUTES
#define WA_NORMAL	A_NORMAL
#define WA_STANDOUT	A_STANDOUT
#define WA_UNDERLINE	A_UNDERLINE
#define WA_REVERSE	A_REVERSE
#define WA_BLINK	A_BLINK
#define WA_DIM		A_DIM
#define WA_BOLD		A_BOLD
#define WA_ALTCHARSET	A_ALTCHARSET
#define WA_INVIS	A_INVIS
#define WA_PROTECT	A_PROTECT
#define WA_HORIZONTAL	A_HORIZONTAL
#define WA_LEFT		A_LEFT
#define WA_LOW		A_LOW
#define WA_RIGHT	A_RIGHT
#define WA_TOP		A_TOP
#define WA_VERTICAL	A_VERTICAL

6.3 attrset() 与 attron()区别

attrset()删了重来
attron()只影响它自己指定的。

6.4 attrget()

获取属性

6.5 attr_系列函数

与前面函数一样，只是需要传入attr_t类型参数。还有扩展的wattr系函数。

6.6 chgat()函数

在不移动游标的情况下，设置一组字符的属性值。

chgat(−1, A_REVERSE, 0, NULL);
// 第一个参数，几个字符
// 第二个参数，属性值
// 第三个参数，颜色值
// 第四个参数，一直为NULL

使用样例

#include <ncurses.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ initscr(); start_color(); init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK);printw("A Big string which i didn't care to type fully ");mvchgat(0, 0, −1, A_BLINK, 1, NULL); refresh();getch();endwin(); /* End curses mode */return 0;
}

7. 窗口

ncurse中的一个重要概念，之前的大多数操作大多是在stdscr上进行的。

7.1 窗口相关函数

newwin()
delwin()
box(win, ch1, ch2)
// ch1 ch2 分别是边界上水平和垂直的字符
border(ls, rs, ts, bs, tl, tr, bl, br)
mvvline(y,x,ch1, num)
// 生成竖线
mvhline(y,x,ch2, num)
// 生成横线
// l: left s: side

7.2 使用样例1

#include <ncurses.h>
WINDOW *create_newwin(int height, int width, int starty, int startx);
void destroy_win(WINDOW *local_win);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ WINDOW *my_win;int startx, starty, width, height;int ch;initscr(); cbreak(); keypad(stdscr, TRUE); // 按F1需要height = 3;width = 10;starty = (LINES − height) / 2; startx = (COLS − width) / 2; printw("Press F1 to exit");refresh();my_win = create_newwin(height, width, starty, startx);while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)){ switch(ch){ case KEY_LEFT:destroy_win(my_win);my_win = create_newwin(height, width, starty,−−startx);break;case KEY_RIGHT:destroy_win(my_win);my_win = create_newwin(height, width, starty,++startx);break;case KEY_UP:destroy_win(my_win);my_win = create_newwin(height, width, −−starty,startx);break;case KEY_DOWN:destroy_win(my_win);my_win = create_newwin(height, width, ++starty,startx);break; }}endwin(); /* End curses mode */return 0;
}
WINDOW *create_newwin(int height, int width, int starty, int startx)
{ WINDOW *local_win;local_win = newwin(height, width, starty, startx);box(local_win, 0 , 0); wrefresh(local_win);return local_win;
}
void destroy_win(WINDOW *local_win)
{ wborder(local_win, ' ', ' ', ' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ');wrefresh(local_win);delwin(local_win);
}

7.3 使用样例2

#include <ncurses.h>
typedef struct _win_border_struct {chtype ls, rs, ts, bs, tl, tr, bl, br;
}WIN_BORDER;
typedef struct _WIN_struct {int startx, starty;int height, width;WIN_BORDER border;
}WIN;
void init_win_params(WIN *p_win);
void print_win_params(WIN *p_win);
void create_box(WIN *win, bool flag);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ WIN win;int ch;initscr(); /* Start curses mode */start_color(); /* Start the color functionality */cbreak(); /* Line buffering disabled, Pass on* everty thing to me */keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* I need that nifty F1 */noecho();init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK);init_win_params(&win);print_win_params(&win);attron(COLOR_PAIR(1));printw("Press F1 to exit");refresh();attroff(COLOR_PAIR(1));create_box(&win, TRUE);while((ch = getch()) != KEY_F(1)){ switch(ch){ case KEY_LEFT:create_box(&win, FALSE);−−win.startx;create_box(&win, TRUE);break;case KEY_RIGHT:create_box(&win, FALSE);++win.startx;create_box(&win, TRUE);break;case KEY_UP:create_box(&win, FALSE);−−win.starty;create_box(&win, TRUE);break;case KEY_DOWN:create_box(&win, FALSE);++win.starty;create_box(&win, TRUE);break; }}endwin(); return 0;
}
void init_win_params(WIN *p_win)
{p_win−>height = 3;p_win−>width = 10;p_win−>starty = (LINES − p_win−>height)/2; p_win−>startx = (COLS − p_win−>width)/2;p_win−>border.ls = '|';p_win−>border.rs = '|';p_win−>border.ts = '−';p_win−>border.bs = '−';p_win−>border.tl = '+';p_win−>border.tr = '+';p_win−>border.bl = '+';p_win−>border.br = '+';
}
void print_win_params(WIN *p_win)
{
#ifdef _DEBUGmvprintw(25, 0, "%d %d %d %d", p_win−>startx, p_win−>starty, p_win−>width, p_win−>height);refresh();
#endif
}
void create_box(WIN *p_win, bool flag)
{ int i, j;int x, y, w, h;x = p_win−>startx;y = p_win−>starty;w = p_win−>width;h = p_win−>height;if(flag == TRUE){ mvaddch(y, x, p_win−>border.tl);mvaddch(y, x + w, p_win−>border.tr);mvaddch(y + h, x, p_win−>border.bl);mvaddch(y + h, x + w, p_win−>border.br);mvhline(y, x + 1, p_win−>border.ts, w − 1);mvhline(y + h, x + 1, p_win−>border.bs, w − 1);mvvline(y + 1, x, p_win−>border.ls, h − 1);mvvline(y + 1, x + w, p_win−>border.rs, h − 1);}elsefor(j = y; j <= y + h; ++j)for(i = x; i <= x + w; ++i)mvaddch(j, i, ' ');refresh();
}

8. 颜色

has_colors()来测试是否有颜色，start_color()在使用颜色之前需要进行调用。
init_color()初始化颜色。

8.1 代码示例

#include <ncurses.h>
void print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ initscr();if(has_colors() == FALSE){ endwin();printf("Your terminal does not support color\n");exit(1);}start_color(); init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK);attron(COLOR_PAIR(1));print_in_middle(stdscr, LINES / 2, 0, 0, "Viola !!! In color ...");attroff(COLOR_PAIR(1));getch();endwin();
}
void print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string)
{ int length, x, y;float temp;if(win == NULL)win = stdscr;getyx(win, y, x);if(startx != 0)x = startx;if(starty != 0)y = starty;if(width == 0)width = 80;length = strlen(string);temp = (width − length)/ 2;x = startx + (int)temp;mvwprintw(win, y, x, "%s", string);refresh();
}

8.2 颜色宏定义

#define COLOR_BLACK	0
#define COLOR_RED	1
#define COLOR_GREEN	2
#define COLOR_YELLOW	3
#define COLOR_BLUE	4
#define COLOR_MAGENTA	5
#define COLOR_CYAN	6
#define COLOR_WHITE	7

8.3 改变颜色定义

用init_color(COLOR_RED, 0, 0, 400)
后面跟的是颜色的rgb的值。

8.4 颜色内容

color_content()和pair_content()可以获取颜色内容，前景、背景对。

8.5 chgat()函数

不移动游标的情况下，改变一组字符的颜色。
chgat(−1, A_REVERSE, 0, NULL)

使用例子

#include <ncurses.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ 
initscr(); start_color(); init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK);printw("A Big string which i didn't care to type fully ");mvchgat(0, 0, −1, A_BLINK, 1, NULL); refresh();getch();endwin(); /* End curses mode */return 0;
}

9. 键盘交互

9.1 基本用法

接受键盘的信号还是通过输入字符的判断来实现的。

int ch;
ch = getch();if (ch == KEY_F1)...// 应用逻辑

9.2 使用范例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ncurses.h>#define WIDTH 30
#define HEIGHT 10 int startx = 0;
int starty = 0;char *choices[] = { "Choice 1","Choice 2","Choice 3","Choice 4","Exit",};
int n_choices = sizeof(choices) / sizeof(char *);
void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight);int main()
{	WINDOW *menu_win;int highlight = 1;int choice = 0;int c;initscr();clear();noecho();cbreak();	/* Line buffering disabled. pass on everything */startx = (80 - WIDTH) / 2;starty = (24 - HEIGHT) / 2;menu_win = newwin(HEIGHT, WIDTH, starty, startx);keypad(menu_win, TRUE);mvprintw(0, 0, "Use arrow keys to go up and down, Press enter to select a choice");refresh();print_menu(menu_win, highlight);while(1){	c = wgetch(menu_win);switch(c){	case KEY_UP:if(highlight == 1)highlight = n_choices;else--highlight;break;case KEY_DOWN:if(highlight == n_choices)highlight = 1;else ++highlight;break;case 10:choice = highlight;break;default:mvprintw(24, 0, "Charcter pressed is = %3d Hopefully it can be printed as '%c'", c, c);refresh();break;}print_menu(menu_win, highlight);if(choice != 0)	/* User did a choice come out of the infinite loop */break;}	mvprintw(23, 0, "You chose choice %d with choice string %s\n", choice, choices[choice - 1]);clrtoeol();refresh();endwin();return 0;
}void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight)
{int x, y, i;	x = 2;y = 2;box(menu_win, 0, 0);for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i){	if(highlight == i + 1) /* High light the present choice */{	wattron(menu_win, A_REVERSE); mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]);wattroff(menu_win, A_REVERSE);}elsemvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]);++y;}wrefresh(menu_win);
}

10. 与鼠标交互

10.1 基本介绍

需要用函数mousemask( mmask_t newmask, mmask_t *oldmask)来开启监听鼠标的事件。

鼠标事件

 	   BUTTON1_PRESSED          mouse button 1 downBUTTON1_RELEASED         mouse button 1 upBUTTON1_CLICKED          mouse button 1 clickedBUTTON1_DOUBLE_CLICKED   mouse button 1 double clickedBUTTON1_TRIPLE_CLICKED   mouse button 1 triple clickedBUTTON2_PRESSED          mouse button 2 downBUTTON2_RELEASED         mouse button 2 upBUTTON2_CLICKED          mouse button 2 clickedBUTTON2_DOUBLE_CLICKED   mouse button 2 double clickedBUTTON2_TRIPLE_CLICKED   mouse button 2 triple clickedBUTTON3_PRESSED          mouse button 3 downBUTTON3_RELEASED         mouse button 3 upBUTTON3_CLICKED          mouse button 3 clickedBUTTON3_DOUBLE_CLICKED   mouse button 3 double clickedBUTTON3_TRIPLE_CLICKED   mouse button 3 triple clickedBUTTON4_PRESSED          mouse button 4 downBUTTON4_RELEASED         mouse button 4 upBUTTON4_CLICKED          mouse button 4 clickedBUTTON4_DOUBLE_CLICKED   mouse button 4 double clickedBUTTON4_TRIPLE_CLICKED   mouse button 4 triple clickedBUTTON_SHIFT             shift was down during button state changeBUTTON_CTRL              control was down during button state changeBUTTON_ALT               alt was down during button state changeALL_MOUSE_EVENTS         report all button state changesREPORT_MOUSE_POSITION    report mouse movement

10.2 监听鼠标事件

通过getMouse(MEVENT *) 来获取鼠标事件的状态。

事件的结构体

 typedef struct{short id;         /* ID to distinguish multiple devices */int x, y, z;      /* event coordinates */mmask_t bstate;   /* button state bits */}   

判断事件发生

 MEVENT event;ch = getch();if(ch == KEY_MOUSE)if(getmouse(&event) == OK).    /* Do some thing with the event */..if(event.bstate & BUTTON1_PRESSED)printw("Left Button Pressed");

10.3 使用实例

#include <ncurses.h>#define WIDTH 30
#define HEIGHT 10 int startx = 0;
int starty = 0;char *choices[] = { 	"Choice 1","Choice 2","Choice 3","Choice 4","Exit",};int n_choices = sizeof(choices) / sizeof(char *);void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight);
void report_choice(int mouse_x, int mouse_y, int *p_choice);int main()
{	int c, choice = 0;WINDOW *menu_win;MEVENT event;/* Initialize curses */initscr();clear();noecho();cbreak();	//Line buffering disabled. pass on everything/* Try to put the window in the middle of screen */startx = (80 - WIDTH) / 2;starty = (24 - HEIGHT) / 2;attron(A_REVERSE);mvprintw(23, 1, "Click on Exit to quit (Works best in a virtual console)");refresh();attroff(A_REVERSE);/* Print the menu for the first time */menu_win = newwin(HEIGHT, WIDTH, starty, startx);print_menu(menu_win, 1);/* Get all the mouse events */mousemask(ALL_MOUSE_EVENTS, NULL);while(1){	c = wgetch(menu_win);switch(c){	case KEY_MOUSE:if(getmouse(&event) == OK){	/* When the user clicks left mouse button */if(event.bstate & BUTTON1_PRESSED){	report_choice(event.x + 1, event.y + 1, &choice);if(choice == -1) //Exit chosengoto end;mvprintw(22, 1, "Choice made is : %d String Chosen is \"%10s\"", choice, choices[choice - 1]);refresh(); }}print_menu(menu_win, choice);break;}}		
end:endwin();return 0;
}void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight)
{int x, y, i;	x = 2;y = 2;box(menu_win, 0, 0);for(i = 0; i < n_choices; ++i){	if(highlight == i + 1){	wattron(menu_win, A_REVERSE); mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]);wattroff(menu_win, A_REVERSE);}elsemvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, "%s", choices[i]);++y;}wrefresh(menu_win);
}/* Report the choice according to mouse position */
void report_choice(int mouse_x, int mouse_y, int *p_choice)
{	int i,j, choice;i = startx + 2;j = starty + 3;for(choice = 0; choice < n_choices; ++choice)if(mouse_y == j + choice && mouse_x >= i && mouse_x <= i + strlen(choices[choice])){	if(choice == n_choices - 1)*p_choice = -1;		else*p_choice = choice + 1;	break;}
}

11. 屏幕操作

11.1 getyx(win, y,x )

取得游标此时的坐标

11.2 scr_dump()

保存屏幕信息

11.3 窗口保存

putwin()保存窗口信息到文件
getwin()
copywin()

12. 杂项

12.1 cur_set()

游标可见性设置

0 : invisible      or
1 : normal    or
2 : very visible.

12.2 暂时离开curse模式

#include <ncurses.h>int main()
{	initscr();			/* Start curses mode 		  */printw("Hello World !!!\n");	/* Print Hello World		  */refresh();			/* Print it on to the real screen */def_prog_mode();		/* Save the tty modes		  */endwin();			/* End curses mode temporarily	  */system("/bin/sh");		/* Do whatever you like in cooked mode */reset_prog_mode();		/* Return to the previous tty mode*//* stored by def_prog_mode() 	  */refresh();			/* Do refresh() to restore the	  *//* Screen contents		  */printw("Another String\n");	/* Back to curses use the full    */refresh();			/* capabilities of curses	  */endwin();			/* End curses mode		  */return 0;
}

12.3 ACS_标量

#include <ncurses.h>int main()
{initscr();printw("Upper left corner           "); addch(ACS_ULCORNER); printw("\n"); printw("Lower left corner           "); addch(ACS_LLCORNER); printw("\n");printw("Lower right corner          "); addch(ACS_LRCORNER); printw("\n");printw("Tee pointing right          "); addch(ACS_LTEE); printw("\n");printw("Tee pointing left           "); addch(ACS_RTEE); printw("\n");printw("Tee pointing up             "); addch(ACS_BTEE); printw("\n");printw("Tee pointing down           "); addch(ACS_TTEE); printw("\n");printw("Horizontal line             "); addch(ACS_HLINE); printw("\n");printw("Vertical line               "); addch(ACS_VLINE); printw("\n");printw("Large Plus or cross over    "); addch(ACS_PLUS); printw("\n");printw("Scan Line 1                 "); addch(ACS_S1); printw("\n");printw("Scan Line 3                 "); addch(ACS_S3); printw("\n");printw("Scan Line 7                 "); addch(ACS_S7); printw("\n");printw("Scan Line 9                 "); addch(ACS_S9); printw("\n");printw("Diamond                     "); addch(ACS_DIAMOND); printw("\n");printw("Checker board (stipple)     "); addch(ACS_CKBOARD); printw("\n");printw("Degree Symbol               "); addch(ACS_DEGREE); printw("\n");printw("Plus/Minus Symbol           "); addch(ACS_PLMINUS); printw("\n");printw("Bullet                      "); addch(ACS_BULLET); printw("\n");printw("Arrow Pointing Left         "); addch(ACS_LARROW); printw("\n");printw("Arrow Pointing Right        "); addch(ACS_RARROW); printw("\n");printw("Arrow Pointing Down         "); addch(ACS_DARROW); printw("\n");printw("Arrow Pointing Up           "); addch(ACS_UARROW); printw("\n");printw("Board of squares            "); addch(ACS_BOARD); printw("\n");printw("Lantern Symbol              "); addch(ACS_LANTERN); printw("\n");printw("Solid Square Block          "); addch(ACS_BLOCK); printw("\n");printw("Less/Equal sign             "); addch(ACS_LEQUAL); printw("\n");printw("Greater/Equal sign          "); addch(ACS_GEQUAL); printw("\n");printw("Pi                          "); addch(ACS_PI); printw("\n");printw("Not equal                   "); addch(ACS_NEQUAL); printw("\n");printw("UK pound sign               "); addch(ACS_STERLING); printw("\n");refresh();getch();endwin();return 0;
}

Ref

linux-ho-to