Unix Network Programming Episode 88

‘inetd’ Daemon

On a typical Unix system, there could be many servers in existence, just waiting for a client request to arrive. Examples are FTP, Telnet, Rlogin, TFTP, and so on. With systems before 4.3BSD, each of these services had a process associated with it. This process was started at boot-time from the file /etc/rc, and each process did nearly identical startup tasks: create a socket, bind the server’s well-known port to the socket, wait for a connection (if TCP) or a datagram (if UDP), and then fork. The child process serviced the client and the parent waited for the next client request. There are two problems with this model:

1.All these daemons contained nearly identical startup code, first with respect to socket creation, and also with respect to becoming a daemon process (similar to our daemon_init function).
2.Each daemon took a slot in the process table, but each daemon was asleep most of the time.

The 4.3BSD release simplified this by providing an Internet superserver: the inetd daemon. This daemon can be used by servers that use either TCP or UDP. It does not handle other protocols, such as Unix domain sockets. This daemon fixes the two problems just mentioned:

1.It simplifies writing daemon processes since most of the startup details are handled by inetd. This obviates the need for each server to call our daemon_init function.
2.It allows a single process (inetd) to be waiting for incoming client requests for multiple services, instead of one process for each service. This reduces the total number of processes in the system.

Specifying the wait flag for a datagram service changes the steps done by the parent process. This flag says that inetd must wait for its child to terminate before selecting on this socket again. The following changes occur:

1.When fork returns in the parent, the parent saves the process ID of the child. This allows the parent to know when this specific child process terminates, by looking at the value returned by waitpid.
2.The parent disables the socket from future selects by using the FD_CLR macro to turn off the bit in its descriptor set. This means that the child process takes over the socket until it terminates.
3.When the child terminates, the parent is notified by a SIGCHLD signal, and the parent’s signal handler obtains the process ID of the terminating child. It reenables select for the corresponding socket by turning on the bit in its descriptor set for this socket.

‘daemon_inetd’ Function

We can call from a server we know is invoked by inetd.

#include "unp.h"
#include <syslog.h>extern int daemon_proc;void daemon_inetd(const char *pname, int facility)
{daemon_proc=1;openlog(pname, LOG_PID, facility);
}

daemon_inetd function: daemonizes process run by inetd

#include "unp.h"
#include <time.h>int main(int argc, char **argv)
{socklen_t len;struct sockaddr *clientaddr;char buff[MAXLINE];time_t ticks;daemon_inetd(argv[0],0);clientaddr=Malloc(sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage));len=sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage);Getpeername(0,clientaddr, &len);err_msg("connection from %s", Sock_ntop(clientaddr, len));ticks=time(NULL);snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "%.24s\r\n", ctime(&ticks));Write(0,buff, strlen(buff));Close(0);return 0;
}

Protocol-independent daytime server that can be invoked by inetd