学习Nginx（三）：命令与信号

命令及选项

1. 显示帮助信息：

[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -h
nginx version: nginx/1.26.0
Usage: nginx [-?hvVtTq] [-s signal] [-p prefix][-e filename] [-c filename] [-g directives]选项:-?,-h         : 显示帮助信息-v            : 显示版本信息-V            : 显示版本信息和编译配置项-t            : 检查测试配置文件-T            : 检查测试配置文件并输出内容-q            : 在配置文件测试期间禁止显示非错误消息-s signal     : 向主进程发送信号: stop, quit, reopen, reload-p prefix     : 设置配置路径，默认: /usr/local/nginx/-e filename   : 设置错误日志文件，默认: logs/error.log-c filename   : 设置配置文件，默认: conf/nginx.conf-g directives : 启动时指定全局配置项，而不修改配置文件，格式：k v；

2. 显示版本信息

[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.26.0

3. 显示版本信息和编译配置项

[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.26.0
built by gcc 11.4.1 20230605 (Red Hat 11.4.1-2) (GCC)
built with OpenSSL 3.0.7 1 Nov 2022
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module

4. 检查测试配置文件

[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

5. 检查测试配置文件并输出内容

[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -T
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
# configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;#pid        logs/nginx.pid;
pid     run/nginx.pid;events {worker_connections  1024;
}http {include       mime.types;default_type  application/octet-stream;#log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '#                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '#                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';#access_log  logs/access.log  main;sendfile        on;#tcp_nopush     on;#keepalive_timeout  0;keepalive_timeout  65;#gzip  on;server {listen       80;server_name  localhost;#charset koi8-r;#access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;location / {root   html;index  index.html index.htm;}#error_page  404              /404.html;# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html#error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;location = /50x.html {root   html;}# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80##location ~ \.php$ {#    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;#}# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000##location ~ \.php$ {#    root           html;#    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;#    fastcgi_index  index.php;#    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;#    include        fastcgi_params;#}# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root# concurs with nginx's one##location ~ /\.ht {#    deny  all;#}}# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration##server {#    listen       8000;#    listen       somename:8080;#    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;#    location / {#        root   html;#        index  index.html index.htm;#    }#}# HTTPS server##server {#    listen       443 ssl;#    server_name  localhost;#    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;#    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;#    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;#    ssl_session_timeout  5m;#    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;#    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;#    location / {#        root   html;#        index  index.html index.htm;#    }#}
}# configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types:types {text/html                                        html htm shtml;text/css                                         css;text/xml                                         xml;image/gif                                        gif;image/jpeg                                       jpeg jpg;application/javascript                           js;application/atom+xml                             atom;application/rss+xml                              rss;text/mathml                                      mml;text/plain                                       txt;text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor                 jad;text/vnd.wap.wml                                 wml;text/x-component                                 htc;image/avif                                       avif;image/png                                        png;image/svg+xml                                    svg svgz;image/tiff                                       tif tiff;image/vnd.wap.wbmp                               wbmp;image/webp                                       webp;image/x-icon                                     ico;image/x-jng                                      jng;image/x-ms-bmp                                   bmp;font/woff                                        woff;font/woff2                                       woff2;application/java-archive                         jar war ear;application/json                                 json;application/mac-binhex40                         hqx;application/msword                               doc;application/pdf                                  pdf;application/postscript                           ps eps ai;application/rtf                                  rtf;application/vnd.apple.mpegurl                    m3u8;application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml             kml;application/vnd.google-earth.kmz                 kmz;application/vnd.ms-excel                         xls;application/vnd.ms-fontobject                    eot;application/vnd.ms-powerpoint                    ppt;application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics      odg;application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation  odp;application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet   ods;application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text          odt;application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentationpptx;application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheetxlsx;application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.documentdocx;application/vnd.wap.wmlc                         wmlc;application/wasm                                 wasm;application/x-7z-compressed                      7z;application/x-cocoa                              cco;application/x-java-archive-diff                  jardiff;application/x-java-jnlp-file                     jnlp;application/x-makeself                           run;application/x-perl                               pl pm;application/x-pilot                              prc pdb;application/x-rar-compressed                     rar;application/x-redhat-package-manager             rpm;application/x-sea                                sea;application/x-shockwave-flash                    swf;application/x-stuffit                            sit;application/x-tcl                                tcl tk;application/x-x509-ca-cert                       der pem crt;application/x-xpinstall                          xpi;application/xhtml+xml                            xhtml;application/xspf+xml                             xspf;application/zip                                  zip;application/octet-stream                         bin exe dll;application/octet-stream                         deb;application/octet-stream                         dmg;application/octet-stream                         iso img;application/octet-stream                         msi msp msm;audio/midi                                       mid midi kar;audio/mpeg                                       mp3;audio/ogg                                        ogg;audio/x-m4a                                      m4a;audio/x-realaudio                                ra;video/3gpp                                       3gpp 3gp;video/mp2t                                       ts;video/mp4                                        mp4;video/mpeg                                       mpeg mpg;video/quicktime                                  mov;video/webm                                       webm;video/x-flv                                      flv;video/x-m4v                                      m4v;video/x-mng                                      mng;video/x-ms-asf                                   asx asf;video/x-ms-wmv                                   wmv;video/x-msvideo                                  avi;
}

6. 在配置文件测试期间禁止显示非错误消息

[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -q
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# echo $?
0

7. 启动时指定全局配置项（需为配置文件中未设置项），格式：k v；

# 原配置显示进程
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4680       1  0 21:49 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       4681    4680  0 21:49 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process# 停止服务
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -s stop# 注释如下两行
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
#worker_processes  1;   
#pid    run/nginx.pid;# 新pid文件不存在
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ll /var/run/nginx.pid
ls: cannot access '/var/run/nginx.pid': No such file or directory# 执行pid文件，指定进程数
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -g "pid /var/run/nginx.pid; worker_processes 2;"
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4698       1  0 21:58 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx -g pid /var/run/nginx.pid; worker_processes 2;
nginx       4699    4698  0 21:58 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       4700    4698  0 21:58 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ll /var/run/nginx.pid
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5 May 10 21:58 /var/run/nginx.pid

信号

        向主进程发送信号

1. 快速关闭

• • nginx -s stop
  • kill -INT/TERM 主进程PID

#启动程序
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx#查看进程
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4733       1  0 22:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       4734    4733  0 22:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       4735    4733  0 22:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        4737    4591  0 22:12 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx# 快速关闭程序，无论进程是否有连接，都会直接断开
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -s stop# 确认
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4740    4591  0 22:12 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1517       1  0 23:47 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       1518    1517  0 23:47 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       1519    1517  0 23:47 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        1530    1408  0 23:52 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# kill -INT 1517
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1535    1408  0 23:52 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1537       1  0 May10 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       1538    1537  0 May10 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       1539    1537  0 May10 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        1568    1408  0 00:05 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# kill -TERM 1537
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1570    1408  0 00:05 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

2. 优雅的关闭

• nginx -s quit
• kill -QUIT 主进程PID

# 创建一个1G的测试文件
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/local/nginx/html/Linuxjsz bs=1M count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 3.11659 s, 345 MB/s# 通过客户端访问的方式进行文件下载
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# wget http://192.168.199.152/Linuxjsz
Connecting to 192.168.199.152:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1073741824 (1.0G) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘Linuxjsz’
Linuxjsz            100%[=====================>]   1.00G  147MB/s  in 7.4s22:41:54 (139 MB/s) - ‘Linuxjsz’ saved [1073741824/1073741824]
# 查看进程情况，正常运行中
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4824       1  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       4825    4824  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       4826    4824  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        4828    4591  0 22:41 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx# 下载过程中发送quit信号
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -s quit# 查看进程情况，此时其中一个worker进程已关闭，而存在进程处于即将关闭状态
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4824       1  0 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       4825    4824  3 22:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process is shutting down
root        4831    4591  0 22:41 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx# 查看进程情况，此时nginx程序已关闭
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4833    4591  0 22:42 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1641       1  0 00:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       1642    1641  0 00:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       1643    1641  0 00:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        1645    1408  0 00:12 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# kill -QUIT 1641
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1641       1  0 00:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       1643    1641  0 00:12 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process is shutting down
root        1756    1408  0 00:13 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

3. 重新加载配置文件，启动新的工作进程，优雅的关闭旧进程

• nginx -s reload
• kill -HUP 主进程PID

# 查看进程情况
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4751       1  0 22:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       4752    4751  0 22:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       4753    4751  0 22:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        4810    4591  0 22:30 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx# 发送reload信号
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -s reload# 查看进程情况，发现主进程未发生变化，而两个worker进程的pid更改了，启动时间也发生了变化
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        4751       1  0 22:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       4812    4751  0 22:30 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       4813    4751  0 22:30 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        4815    4591  0 22:30 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1761       1  0 00:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       1762    1761  0 00:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       1763    1761  0 00:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        1765    1408  0 00:16 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# kill -HUP 1761
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root        1761       1  0 00:16 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx       1766    1761  0 00:17 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       1767    1761  0 00:17 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root        1769    1408  0 00:17 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

4. 重新生成日志文件。可用于定期备份日志文件

• nginx -s reopen
• kill -USR1 主进程PID

# 查看日志文件
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ll -h /usr/local/nginx/logs/
total 12K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4.0K May 10 22:23 access.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.8K May 10 22:22 error.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    5 May 10 22:22 nginx.pid# 修改日志名称
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# mv /usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log{,.bak}
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ll -h /usr/local/nginx/logs/
total 12K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4.0K May 10 22:23 access.log.bak# 通过浏览器访问页面，显示访问日志还是写入到了原文件中
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ll -h /usr/local/nginx/logs/
total 16K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4.4K May 10 22:27 access.log.bak# 发送reopen信号，新创建了一个日志文件，再访问页面，日志则被写入到了新文件中
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# nginx -s reopen
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ll -h /usr/local/nginx/logs/
total 16K
-rw-r--r--. 1 nginx root    0 May 10 22:28 access.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root 4.4K May 10 22:27 access.log.bak
[root@RockyLinux9 ~]# ll -h /usr/local/nginx/logs/
total 20K
-rw-r--r--. 1 nginx root  466 May 10 22:28 access.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root 4.4K May 10 22:27 access.log.bak

• 有关与kill命令其他信号控制参数，会在《Nginx升级和回滚》章节进行演示操作。

来自: 学习Nginx（三）：命令与信号