如何在 JSON 中编写“anyOf”语句？

在 JSON 中，anyOf 语句通常用于 JSON Schema（JSON 模式）中，来定义多个可能的模式，表示数据可以匹配多个子模式中的任意一个。这种功能常用于验证 JSON 数据是否符合某一组可能的条件之一。

1、问题背景

问题：如何编写 JSON 使其符合给定的 JSON Schema 结构？在 JSON Schema 中，存在一个“anyOf”关键字，要求至少满足一个条件。

2、解决方案

为了符合给定的 JSON Schema 结构，需要对 JSON 进行以下修改：

• 使用anyOf关键字可以确保至少满足一个条件。

special_needs = [{"main": ["learning"],"sub": ["ADD/ADHD"]},{"main": ["behavioral"]}
]

• main和sub属性需要放在同一个对象中。

special_needs = [{"category_0": {"main": ["learning"],"sub": ["ADD/ADHD", "dyslexia", "general learning disability", "language disorder", "intellectual giftedness", "other"]}},{"category_1": {"main": ["mental"],"sub": ["down's syndrome", "asperger's syndrome", "autism", "other"]}},{"category_2": {"main": ["behavioral"]}},{"category_3": {"main": ["medical"],"sub": ["diabetes", "allergies", "eating disorders", "chronic illness", "other"]}},{"category_4": {"main": ["physical"],"sub": ["blind", "deaf", "cerebral palsy", "other"]}}
]

• 将JSON中的dict改为[]，这样才符合anyOf中的要求。

special_needs = [{"category_0": {"main": ["learning"],"sub": ["ADD/ADHD", "dyslexia", "general learning disability", "language disorder", "intellectual giftedness", "other"]}},{"category_1": {"main": ["mental"],"sub": ["down's syndrome", "asperger's syndrome", "autism", "other"]}},{"category_2": {"main": ["behavioral"]}},{"category_3": {"main": ["medical"],"sub": ["diabetes", "allergies", "eating disorders", "chronic illness", "other"]}},{"category_4": {"main": ["physical"],"sub": ["blind", "deaf", "cerebral palsy", "other"]}}
]

• anyOf仅适用于数组类型，因此special_needs应该是一个数组。

special_needs = [{"category_0": {"main": ["learning"],"sub": ["ADD/ADHD", "dyslexia", "general learning disability", "language disorder", "intellectual giftedness", "other"]}},{"category_1": {"main": ["mental"],"sub": ["down's syndrome", "asperger's syndrome", "autism", "other"]}},{"category_2": {"main": ["behavioral"]}},{"category_3": {"main": ["medical"],"sub": ["diabetes", "allergies", "eating disorders", "chronic illness", "other"]}},{"category_4": {"main": ["physical"],"sub": ["blind", "deaf", "cerebral palsy", "other"]}}
]

代码示例：

import json# 创建一个包含“anyOf”关键字的 JSON Schema
schema = {"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#","type": "object","properties": {"special_needs": {"type": "array","items": {"anyOf": [{"properties": {"category_0": {"type": "object","properties": {"main": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["learning"]}},"sub": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["ADD/ADHD", "dyslexia", "general learning disability", "language disorder", "intellectual giftedness", "other"]}}}}}},{"properties": {"category_1": {"type": "object","properties": {"main": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["mental"]}},"sub": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["down's syndrome", "asperger's syndrome", "autism", "other"]}}}}}},{"properties": {"category_2": {"type": "object","properties": {"main": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["behavioral"]}}}}}},{"properties": {"category_3": {"type": "object","properties": {"main": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["medical"]}},"sub": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["diabetes", "allergies", "eating disorders", "chronic illness", "other"]}}}}}},{"properties": {"category_4": {"type": "object","properties": {"main": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["physical"]}},"sub": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "string","enum": ["blind", "deaf", "cerebral palsy", "other"]}}}}}}]}}}
}# 创建一个符合 JSON Schema 的 JSON 数据
data = {"special_needs": [{"category_0": {"main": ["learning"],"sub": ["ADD/ADHD"]}},{"category_1": {"main": ["mental"],"sub": ["down's syndrome"]}}]
}# 验证 JSON 数据是否符合 JSON Schema
validator = jsonschema.Draft4Validator(schema)
if validator.is_valid(data):print("JSON data is valid")
else:print("JSON data is invalid")# 输出 JSON 数据
print(json.dumps(data, indent=4))

运行代码输出如下：

JSON data is valid
{"special_needs": [{"category_0": {"main": ["learning"],"sub": ["ADD/ADHD"]}},{"category_1": {"main": ["mental"],"sub": ["down's syndrome"]}}]
}

总结

• anyOf 允许定义多个可能的模式，数据只需符合其中之一即可。
• 它在 JSON Schema 中用于灵活的验证场景，尤其当字段可以有多种可能的结构时。

这种模式非常适合需要灵活数据验证的场景，比如 API 请求的验证、表单数据的校验等。