MySQL数据相关操作

一、介绍

MySQL数据操作： DML

在MySQL管理软件中，可以通过SQL语句中的DML语言来实现数据的操作，包括
使用INSERT实现数据的插入
UPDATE实现数据的更新
使用DELETE实现数据的删除
使用SELECT查询数据以及。

二、插入数据INSERT

1. 插入完整数据（顺序插入）语法一：INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);语法二：INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);2. 指定字段插入数据语法：INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);3. 插入多条记录语法：INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n),(值1,值2,值3…值n),(值1,值2,值3…值n);4. 插入查询结果语法：INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2WHERE …;

三、更新数据UPDATE

语法：UPDATE 表名 SET字段1=值1,字段2=值2,WHERE CONDITION;示例：UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;

四、删除数据DELETE

语法：DELETE FROM 表名 WHERE CONITION;示例：DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE password=’’;练习：更新MySQL root用户密码为mysql123删除除从本地登录的root用户以外的所有用户

五、查询数据SELECT-单表查询

1、单表查询的语法

SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名WHERE 条件GROUP BY fieldHAVING 筛选ORDER BY fieldLIMIT 限制条数

2、关键字的执行优先级

from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit

1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组
4.将分组的结果进行having过滤
5.执行select
6.去重
7.将结果按条件排序：order by
8.限制结果的显示条数

3、简单查询

准备表和记录

company.employee员工id      id                  int             姓名        emp_name            varchar性别        sex                 enum年龄        age                 int入职日期     hire_date           date岗位        post                varchar职位描述     post_comment        varchar薪水        salary              double办公室       office              int部门编号     depart_id           int# 创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);# 查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+# 插入记录
# 三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;# ps：如果在windows系统中，插入中文字符，select的结果为空白，可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk

简单查询

   SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee;SELECT * FROM employee;SELECT name,salary FROM employee;# 避免重复DISTINCTSELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    # 通过四则运算查询SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;# 定义显示格式CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary FROM employee;CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary FROM employee;结合CASE语句：SELECT(CASEWHEN NAME = 'egon' THENNAMEWHEN NAME = 'alex' THENCONCAT(name,'_BIGSB')ELSEconcat(NAME, 'SB')END) as new_nameFROMemp;

小练习：

1 查出所有员工的名字，薪资,格式为<名字:egon>    <薪资:3000>
2 查出所有的岗位（去掉重复）
3 查出所有员工名字，以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year

答案：

select concat('<名字:',name,'>   ','<薪资:',salary,'>') from employee;select distinct depart_id from employee;select name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;

4、WHERE约束

where字句中可以使用：

 

1. 比较运算符：> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'egon%'pattern可以是%或_，%表示任意多字符_表示一个字符
5. 逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not1:单条件查询SELECT name FROM employeeWHERE post='sale';#2:多条件查询SELECT name,salary FROM employeeWHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;#3:关键字BETWEEN ANDSELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS)SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL;SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串，不是nullps：执行update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;再用上条查看，就会有结果了#5:关键字IN集合查询SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询通配符’%’SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';通配符’_’SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'al__';

小练习：

1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪

答案：

1. select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
2. select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
3. select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
4. select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
5. select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
6. select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
7. select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

5、分组查询:GROUP BY

1、首先明确一点：分组发生在where之后，即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的

2、分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等

取每个部门的最高工资

取每个部门的员工数

取男生数和女生数

小窍门：‘每’这个字后面的字段，就是我们分组的依据

4、大前提：

可以按照任意字段分组，但是分组完毕后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数

ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY

！！！SQL_MODE设置！！！

mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
+-------------------+
| @@global.sql_mode |
+-------------------+
|                   |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from emp group by post; 
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                       | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 张野 | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                  | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
|  9 | 歪歪 | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                       | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
|  2 | alex | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                    | NULL         | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  1 | egon | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)# 由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果，默认都是组内的第一条记录，但其实这是没有意义的mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> quit #设置成功后，一定要退出，然后重新登录方可生效
Byemysql> use db1;
Database changed
mysql> select * from emp group by post; #报错
ERROR 1055 (42000): 'db1.emp.id' isn't in GROUP BY
mysql> select post,count(id) from emp group by post; #只能查看分组依据和使用聚合函数
+----------------------------+-----------+
| post                       | count(id) |
+----------------------------+-----------+
| operation                  |         5 |
| sale                       |         5 |
| teacher                    |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |         1 |
+----------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

GROUP BY

单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;注意：我们按照post字段分组，那么select查询的字段只能是post，想要获取组内的其他相关信息，需要借助函数GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组，并查看组内成员名SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组，并查看每个组有多少人

强调：

如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据，则每一条记录自成一组，这种分组没有意义

多条记录之间的某个字段值相同，该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

四 聚合函数

强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组

示例：

    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;

小练习：

1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字

2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数

3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数

4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资

5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资

6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资

7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资，女员工与女员工的平均薪资

#题1：分组
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name)                                      |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation                               | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁                      		   |
| sale                                    | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格                                    |
| teacher                                 | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙    |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              		  | egon                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+#题目2：
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               |         5 |
| sale                                    |         5 |
| teacher                                 |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              		 |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+#题目3：
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
+--------+-----------+
| sex    | count(id) |
+--------+-----------+
| male   |        10 |
| female |         8 |
+--------+-----------+#题目4：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post                                    | avg(salary)   |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation                               |  16800.026000 |
| sale                                    |   2600.294000 |
| teacher                                 | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使             		 |   7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+#题目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    20000.00 |
| sale                                    |     4000.33 |
| teacher                                 |  1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使           		   |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+#题目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | min(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    10000.13 |
| sale                                    |     1000.37 |
| teacher                                 |     2100.00 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使           		   |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+#题目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
+--------+---------------+
| sex    | avg(salary)   |
+--------+---------------+
| male   | 110920.077000 |
| female |   7250.183750 |
+--------+---------------+

六、多表查询

# 建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) 
);create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);# 插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
;# 查看表结构和数据
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技术 |
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
| 203 | 运营 |
+------+--------------+mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon  | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex  | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou  | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+

2、多表连接查询

重点：外链接语法

SELECT 字段列表FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1 交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积mysql> select * from employee,department;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  200 | 技术         |
|  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  203 | 运营         |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  200 | 技术         |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  202 | 销售         |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |  203 | 运营         |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

2 内连接：只连接匹配的行#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
#department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; 
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name      | age  | sex    | name         |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
|  1 | egon      |   18 | male   | 技术         |
|  2 | alex      |   48 | female | 人力资源     |
|  3 | wupeiqi   |   38 | male   | 人力资源     |
|  4 | yuanhao   |   28 | female | 销售         |
|  5 | liwenzhou |   18 | male   | 技术         |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+#上述sql等同于
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;

3 外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录# 以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工
# 本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+------------+--------------+
| id | name       | depart_name  |
+----+------------+--------------+
|  1 | egon       | 技术         |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | 技术         |
|  2 | alex       | 人力资源     |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | 人力资源     |
|  4 | yuanhao    | 销售         |
|  6 | jingliyang | NULL         |
+----+------------+--------------+4 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录# 以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门
# 本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+-----------+--------------+
| id   | name      | depart_name  |
+------+-----------+--------------+
|    1 | egon      | 技术         |
|    2 | alex      | 人力资源     |
|    3 | wupeiqi   | 人力资源     |
|    4 | yuanhao   | 销售         |
|    5 | liwenzhou | 技术         |
| NULL | NULL      | 运营         |
+------+-----------+--------------+5 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
# 注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
# 强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
;
# 查看结果
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id   | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|    1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|    6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL         |
| NULL | NULL       | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+# 注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录

3、符合条件连接查询

# 示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join departmenton employee.dep_id = department.idwhere age > 25;# 示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,departmentwhere employee.dep_id = department.idand age > 25order by age asc;

4、子查询

#1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
#   带IN关键字的子查询
#   查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from departmentwhere id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);# 查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employeewhere dep_id in (select id from department where name='技术');# 查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);