CompletableFuture详解-初遇者-很细

目录

一、创建异步任务

1. supplyAsync

2. runAsync

3.获取任务结果的方法

 二、异步回调处理

1.thenApply和thenApplyAsync

2.thenAccept和thenAcceptAsync

2.thenRun和thenRunAsync

3.whenComplete和whenCompleteAsync

4.handle和handleAsync

三、多任务组合处理

1.thenCombine、thenAcceptBoth 和runAfterBoth

 2.applyToEither、acceptEither和runAfterEither

3.allOf / anyOf

---

CompletableFuture是jdk8的新特性。CompletableFuture实现了CompletionStage接口和Future接口，前者是对后者的一个扩展，增加了异步会点、流式处理、多个Future组合处理的能力，使Java在处理多任务的协同工作时更加顺畅便利。

代码涉及到lambda表达式() -> {} 用法，不熟悉的可先看下Lambda表达式详解​

一、创建异步任务

1. supplyAsync

supplyAsync是创建带有返回值的异步任务。它有如下两个方法，一个是使用默认线程池（ForkJoinPool.commonPool()）的方法，一个是带有自定义线程池的重载方法。子线程是异步执行的，主线程休眠等待子线程执行完成，子线程执行完成后唤醒主线程，主线程获取任务执行结果后退出。

// 带返回值异步请求，默认线程池

public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)

// 带返回值的异步请求，可以自定义线程池

public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<String> cf = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println("do something....");return "result";});//等待任务执行完成System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {// 自定义线程池ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();CompletableFuture<String> cf = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println("do something....user-defined pool...");return "result";}, executorService);//等待子任务执行完成System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}

 测试结果：

2. runAsync

runAsync是创建没有返回值的异步任务。它有如下两个方法，一个是使用默认线程池（ForkJoinPool.commonPool()）的方法，一个是带有自定义线程池的重载方法

// 不带返回值的异步请求，默认线程池

public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)

// 不带返回值的异步请求，可以自定义线程池

public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Void> cf = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {System.out.println("do something....");});//等待任务执行完成System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {// 自定义线程池ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();CompletableFuture<Void> cf = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {System.out.println("do something....");}, executorService);//等待任务执行完成System.out.println("结果->" + cf.get());
}

测试结果：

3.获取任务结果的方法

// 如果完成则返回结果，否则就抛出具体的异常

public T get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException

// 最大时间等待返回结果，否则就抛出具体异常

public T get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException

// 完成时返回结果值，否则抛出unchecked异常。为了更好地符合通用函数形式的使用，如果完成此 CompletableFuture所涉及的计算引发异常，则此方法将引发unchecked异常并将底层异常作为其原因

public T join()

// 如果完成则返回结果值（或抛出任何遇到的异常），否则返回给定的 valueIfAbsent。测试调用直接值valueIfAbsent

public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent)

// 如果任务没有完成，返回的值设置为给定值；测试直接结束任务，不会执行

public boolean complete(T value)

// 如果任务没有完成，就抛出给定异常；测试直接结束任务，不会执行。

测试代码

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException     {CompletableFuture<String> cf = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println("do something....");return "result";});//等待任务执行完成System.out.println("结果->" + cf.complete("hello"));}

测试结果

 二、异步回调处理

1.thenApply和thenApplyAsync

 thenApply 表示某个任务执行完成后执行的动作，即回调方法，会将该任务的执行结果即方法返回值作为入参传递到回调方法中，带有返回值。

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.thenApplyAsync((result) -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");result += 2;return result;});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());//等待任务2执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.thenApply((result) -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");result += 2;return result;});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());//等待任务2执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

测试结果：

  

从上面代码和测试结果我们发现thenApply和thenApplyAsync区别在于，使用thenApply方法时子任务与父任务使用的是同一个线程，而thenApplyAsync在子任务中是另起一个线程执行任务，并且thenApplyAsync可以自定义线程池，默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。

2.thenAccept和thenAcceptAsync

 thenAccep表示某个任务执行完成后执行的动作，即回调方法，会将该任务的执行结果即方法返回值作为入参传递到回调方法中，无返回值。

测试代码

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenAccept((result) -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());//等待任务2执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + "main thread ");CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenAcceptAsync((result) -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());//等待任务2执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

测试结果：

 从上面代码和测试结果我们发现thenAccep和thenAccepAsync区别在于，使用thenAccep方法时子任务与父任务使用的是同一个线程，而thenAccepAsync在子任务中是另起一个线程执行任务，并且thenAccepAsync可以自定义线程池，默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。

2.thenRun和thenRunAsync

 thenRun表示某个任务执行完成后执行的动作，即回调方法，无入参，无返回值。

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenRun(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());//等待任务2执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + "main thread ");CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Void> cf2 = cf1.thenRunAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf1结果->" + cf1.get());//等待任务2执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

 测试结果：

从上面代码和测试结果我们发现thenRun和thenRunAsync区别在于，使用thenRun方法时子任务与父任务使用的是同一个线程，而thenRunAsync在子任务中是另起一个线程执行任务，并且thenRunAsync可以自定义线程池，默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。

3.whenComplete和whenCompleteAsync

 whenComplete是当某个任务执行完成后执行的回调方法，会将执行结果或者执行期间抛出的异常传递给回调方法，如果是正常执行则异常为null，回调方法对应的CompletableFuture的result和该任务一致，如果该任务正常执行，则get方法返回执行结果，如果是执行异常，则get方法抛出异常。

测试代码：

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");//int a = 1/0;return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.whenComplete((result, e) -> {System.out.println("上个任务结果：" + result);System.out.println("上个任务抛出异常：" + e);System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

 

   public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + "main thread ");CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");//int a = 1/0;return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.whenCompleteAsync((result, e) -> {System.out.println("上个任务结果：" + result);System.out.println("上个任务抛出异常：" + e);System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());}

测试结果

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");int a = 1/0;return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.whenComplete((result, e) -> {System.out.println("上个任务结果：" + result);System.out.println("上个任务抛出异常：" + e);System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");});//等待任务1执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

测试结果：

 whenCompleteAsync和whenComplete区别也是whenCompleteAsync另起一个线程执行任务，并且thenRunAsync可以自定义线程池，默认的使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()线程池。

4.handle和handleAsync

 跟whenComplete基本一致，区别在于handle的回调方法有返回值。

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");// int a = 1/0;return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = cf1.handle((result, e) -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");System.out.println("上个任务结果：" + result);System.out.println("上个任务抛出异常：" + e);return result+2;});//等待任务2执行完成System.out.println("cf2结果->" + cf2.get());
}

测试结果 ：

三、多任务组合处理

1.thenCombine、thenAcceptBoth 和runAfterBoth

这三个方法都是将两个CompletableFuture组合起来处理，只有两个任务都正常完成时，才进行下阶段任务。

区别：thenCombine会将两个任务的执行结果作为所提供函数的参数，且该方法有返回值；thenAcceptBoth同样将两个任务的执行结果作为方法入参，但是无返回值；runAfterBoth没有入参，也没有返回值。注意两个任务中只要有一个执行异常，则将该异常信息作为指定任务的执行结果。

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");return 2;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf3 = cf1.thenCombine(cf2, (a, b) -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");return a + b;});System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

 public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");return 2;});CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.thenAcceptBoth(cf2, (a, b) -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");System.out.println(a + b);});System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<Integer> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");return 1;});CompletableFuture<Integer> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");return 2;});CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.runAfterBoth(cf2, () -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");});System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

测试结果：

 2.applyToEither、acceptEither和runAfterEither

这三个方法和上面一样也是将两个CompletableFuture组合起来处理，当有一个任务正常完成时，就会进行下阶段任务。

区别：applyToEither会将已经完成任务的执行结果作为所提供函数的参数，且该方法有返回值；acceptEither同样将已经完成任务的执行结果作为方法入参，但是无返回值；runAfterEither没有入参，也没有返回值。

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");Thread.sleep(2000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}return "cf1 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");Thread.sleep(5000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}return "cf2 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = cf1.applyToEither(cf2, (result) -> {System.out.println("接收到" + result);System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");return "cf3 任务完成";});System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");Thread.sleep(2000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}return "cf1 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");Thread.sleep(5000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}return "cf2 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.acceptEither(cf2, (result) -> {System.out.println("接收到" + result);System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");});System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");Thread.sleep(2000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf1 任务完成");return "cf1 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");Thread.sleep(5000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf2 任务完成");return "cf2 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<Void> cf3 = cf1.runAfterEither(cf2, () -> {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf3 do something....");System.out.println("cf3 任务完成");});System.out.println("cf3结果->" + cf3.get());
}

测试结果：

从上面可以看出cf1任务完成需要2秒，cf2任务完成需要5秒，使用applyToEither组合两个任务时，只要有其中一个任务完成时，就会执行cf3任务，显然cf1任务先完成了并且将自己任务的结果传值给了cf3任务，cf3任务中打印了接收到cf1任务完成，接着完成自己的任务，并返回cf3任务完成；acceptEither和runAfterEither类似，acceptEither会将cf1任务的结果作为cf3任务的入参，但cf3任务完成时并无返回值；runAfterEither不会将cf1任务的结果作为cf3任务的入参，它是没有任务入参，执行完自己的任务后也并无返回值。

3.allOf / anyOf

allOf：CompletableFuture是多个任务都执行完成后才会执行，只有有一个任务执行异常，则返回的CompletableFuture执行get方法时会抛出异常，如果都是正常执行，则get返回null。

anyOf ：CompletableFuture是多个任务只要有一个任务执行完成，则返回的CompletableFuture执行get方法时会抛出异常，如果都是正常执行，则get返回执行完成任务的结果。

测试代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");Thread.sleep(2000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf1 任务完成");return "cf1 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");//int a = 1/0;Thread.sleep(5000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf2 任务完成");return "cf2 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");Thread.sleep(3000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf3 任务完成");return "cf3 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<Void> cfAll = CompletableFuture.allOf(cf1, cf2, cf3);System.out.println("cfAll结果->" + cfAll.get());
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf1 do something....");Thread.sleep(2000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf1 任务完成");return "cf1 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");Thread.sleep(5000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf2 任务完成");return "cf2 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<String> cf3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {try {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " cf2 do something....");Thread.sleep(3000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}System.out.println("cf3 任务完成");return "cf3 任务完成";});CompletableFuture<Object> cfAll = CompletableFuture.anyOf(cf1, cf2, cf3);System.out.println("cfAll结果->" + cfAll.get());
}

测试结果：

//int a = 1/0; 异常行去掉注释后结果